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Section 1
Overview of Digital Modulation Techniques
EC 551 Telecommunication Systems Engineering
Types of digital-to-analog conversion
�Bit rate is the number of bits per second.
�Baud rate is the number of signal elements per second.
�The Baud rate is less than or equal to the bit rate.
Note
An signal carries 4 bits per signal element. If 1000 signal elements are sent per second, find the bit rate.
SolutionIn this case, r = 4, S = 1000, and N is unknown. We can find the value of N from
Example 1
Example 2
An signal has a bit rate of 8000 bps and a baud rate of 1000 baud. How many data elements are carried by each signal element? How many signal elements do we need?
SolutionIn this example, S = 1000, N = 8000, and r and L are unknown. We find first the value of r and then the value of L.
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Amplitude Shift Keying
(ASK)
Binary amplitude shift keying
d = Rolloff factor
d= 1 (Rectangular pulse)
Example 3
We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz which spans from 200 to 300 kHz. What are the carrier frequency and the bit rate if we modulated our data by using ASK with d = 1?SolutionThe middle of the bandwidth is located at 250 kHz. This means that our carrier frequency can be at fc = 250 kHz. We can use the formula for bandwidth to find the bit rate (with d = 1 and r = 1).
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Frequency Shift Keying
(FSK)
Binary frequency shift keying
� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �������������!�������"
�
)2cos(2
)( tfTE
ts ib
bi π=
IntgralTf bi =×
Eb : transmitted signal energy per bit
Binary frequency shift keying
Example 4
We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz which spans from 200 to 300 kHz. What should be the carrier frequency and the bit rate if we modulated our data by using FSK with d = 1?
SolutionThis problem is similar to Example 3, but we are modulating by using FSK. The midpoint of the band is at 250 kHz. We choose 2�f to be 50 kHz; this means
Example 5
We need to send data 3 bits at a time at a bit rate of 3 Mbps. The carrier frequency is 10 MHz. Calculate the number of levels (different frequencies), the baud rate, and the bandwidth.
SolutionWe can have L = 2^3= 8. The baud rate is S = 3 MHz/3 = 1000 Mbaud. This means that the carrier frequencies must be 1 MHz apart (2�f = 1 MHz). The bandwidth is B = 8 × 1000 = 8000. Figure 1 shows the allocation of frequencies and bandwidth.
Figure 1 Bandwidth of MFSK used in Example 5
Concept of a constellation diagram
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[ ] ( )SNRQNE
QPo
bav =�
�
���
�=ε
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Phase Shift Keying
(PSK)
������������� �������
� $���#����������������%�&�����'%�&���������#���������������������������
)2cos(2
)(1 tfTE
ts cb
b π=
( ) )2cos(2
2cos2
)(2 tfTE
tfTE
ts cb
bc
b
b πππ −=+=
��������#�������(��
���
�
���
�=
oe
Nd
QP2 bEd 2= �
�
���
�=
o
be N
EQP
2
Binary phase shift keying
�)������(���
)2cos(2
)( ici tfTE
ts θπ −= )12( −= iMi
πθ
)2cos(2
)( ici tfTE
ts θπ −=
Quadriphase-shift keying (QPSK)
b
b
EmE
TmT
×=×=
47
,4
5,
43
,4
ππππθ =i
)sin2
(MN
EQP
o
be
π=
������������ ��������������
)4
sin2
(π
o
be N
EQP =
Example 6
Find the bandwidth for a signal transmitting at 12 Mbps for QPSK. The value of d = 0.
SolutionFor QPSK, 2 bits is carried by one signal element. This means that r = 2. So the signal rate (baud rate) is S = N × (1/r) = 6 Mbaud. With a value of d = 0, we have B = S = 6 MHz.
Example 7
Show the constellation diagrams for an ASK (OOK), BPSK, and QPSK signals.
Solution
(����������������������������������������
EP
dB / 0NEb
Quadrature amplitude modulation is a combination of ASK and PSK.
Note
)(1 tψ
)(2 tψ
2s1s 3s 4s“0000” “0001” “0011” “0010”
6s5s 7s 8s
10s9s 11s 12s
14s13s 15s 16s
1 3-1-3
“1000” “1001” “1011” “1010”
“1100” “1101” “1111” “1110”
“0100” “0101” “0111” “0110”
1
3
-1
-3
16QAM 3s
7s
“110”)(1 tψ
4s 2ssE
“000”
)(2 tψ
6s 8s
1s5s
“001”“011”
“010”
“101”
“111” “100”
)(1 tψ
2s 1s
sE
“00”
“11”
)(2 tψ
3s 4s“10”
“01”
8PSK
QPSK
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