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I G.’ PAULSEN
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BY Greg Paulsen
Mary Strou-rdiner Jon Epps
Center for Construction Materials Research Department of Civil Engineering
University of Nevada Reno, Nevada 89557
(702) 784-6858
- G. PAULSEN
AEEmAcr
T h i s paper addresses the technical f e a s i b i l i t y of u t i l i z i n g
roofing waste products i n asphalt concrete paving mixtures.
Approximately .nine million tons of roofing w a s t e are generated
annually: i n the 'United States. Disposal cos t s a r e s ignif icant .
Recycling represents an economical and, perhaps, environmentally
a t t r a c t i v e a l t e rna t ive t o placing these wastes i n l andf i l l s . The
r e l a t ive ly large quant i t ies of asphal t cement and "aggregate type"
materials present i n roofing waste suggest that it has the potential
a s a p a r t i a l subs t i tu te fo r asphalt cement and/or aggregate i n a
paving mixture.
A study was conducted which arrived a t the following conclusions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 .
6.
Acceptable paving mixtures can be produced which contain up
to, twenty percent by volume of zoofing waste:
Propr selection of binder type and quantity is critical t o
t h e performance of t h e mixture and depends on t h e type and
quantity of the roofing waste i n the mixture:
Improved asphalt cement ex t r ac t ion and recovery processes
need t o be developed t o effectively determine the properties
of the asphalt cement i n the roofing waste:
Theatotal "active binder" content, depending on the effec-
tiveness of the recycling agents, should be considered when
designing asphalt concrete mixtures:
The gradations of conventional aggregates and roofing w a s t e s
should be considered when designing paving mixtures: and
The long-term field performance of paving mixtures containing
roofing waste needs t o be established.
i
. G . PAULSEN
Page
I.U.ION ..................................................... 1
.......................................................... 1
TEST ...................................................... 3
MATER-TALS ........................................................ 5
TEST RESULTS - RXXING WASTES ................................... 6
TEST F!ESULTS - ASPHALT CDICRETF, MMTURES ......................... 9
EXDNXCC CDNSIDERATION ........................................... 14
CD.SION ....................................................... 14
nrmRE .................................................... 16
A. .................................................. 16
' . .
REFERENCES ....................................................... 17
LIST OF TABLES ................................................... 18
LIST OF F1.S .................................................. 22
G. PAULSEN PAGE 1
1 " R D U C T I O N
e million tons of roofirq waste are generat
a ea Statesa(1). Disposal costs , a s wi th large
amounts of any waste type8 are significant. Recycling represents an
economical alternative t o placing these wastes in land f i l l s . &cy-
c l ing of roofing waste in to paving mater ia ls is a disposal a l terna-
t ive . Typical roofing waste products, such as 91- p r
ing, contain about th i r ty-s ix pe t asphal t cemenk,
twenty-two percent hard rock granules:' (minus KO. 1 0 t o plus No. 60
sieve size) , eight percent f i l l e r (minus No. 100 sieve size material) 8
and smaller amounts of coarse aggregate (approximately one inch i n
s i z e ) , ce l lu lose f i b e r felt , g l a s s fiber fe l t , asbestos f e l t , and
polyester f i l m s . The relatively large quantities of asphalt cement and
"aggregate type" mater ia ls present i n roofing waste suggest t h a t it
has the poten t ia l a s a p a r t i a l s u b s t i t u t e for asphalt cercent ar!d/or
aggregate in a paving mixture. This report mntains the results of a
preliminary investigation for es tabl ishing the f e a s i b i l i t y of
u t i l i z ing roofing waste products in asphalt concrete paving mixtures.
A wide variety of waste products and by-products, including old
pavement materials, waste glass, battery cases. polypropylene contain-
ers . old t i r e s , f l y ash, bottom ash, s lag , etc., can be successfully
incorporated into paving materials from a technical standpoint ( H I .
From a nat ional perspective and based on both a technical and an
economic viewpoint, the reuse of old pavement materials, old t i res ,
. G. PAULSEN PAGE 2
f l y ash, and slag have been successful. Literature is not available
which addresses t h e technical and economic f e a s i b i l i t y of using
roofing wastes in asphalt paving mter ia l s .
Several technical items w i l l have t o be addressed p r io r t o the
widespread use of roofing waste in asphalt concrete mixtures. These
item include:
1. The naturetad quantities of the materials in roofing waste
including the properties of t h e asphalt cement and the grain
size distribution of the solid material,
2. The quant i ty of roofing waste t h a t can be introduced. i n to a
paving mix t u re without adversely a l t e r ing the engineering
properties of the mixture,
3. The quantity and t y p of asphalt cement and/or aromatic type ,<e- . -
o i l s needed t o sof ten t h e aged roofing a spha l t t o an appro-
priate paving grade asphalt cement,
4. The techniques for introducing the processed roofing waste
into ' the asphalt concrete mixing and paving process without
creating adverse environmental effects,
5. Establishing the long term performance cha rac t e r i s t i c s of
asphalt concrete containing roofing waste by an extensive
laboratory and field testing program, and
6. Determining the local economics of using t h i s w a s t e material
i n a paving mixture.
A test program has been conducted which addresses items 1 through
,3. A more extensive research effort w i l l be required t o define items
1 through 6 in sufficient detai l t o gain acceptance by the contracting
and engineering c o " i t i e s .
G. PAULSEN PAGE 3
TEST PRDGRAM
Roofing wastes from five sources have been obtained and subjected
t o the test program shown in Figure 1. Samples of roofing waste were
obtained and processed t o one inch and one-quarter inch m a x i m u m size.
F&ofing wastes and their components were subjected t o the following
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) tests. Gradations
(ASTM C136) and specific gravities (ASTM D2041) were obtained prior t o
the extraction ard recovery of the asphalt cement. After t he extrac-
t i o n and recovery of t h e asphalt cement, penetration (ASTM D5) and
v iscos i ty @SI% D2170, D2171) t e s t s were performed on the asphalt
cement. The gradations of the solids were determined. and photographs
were taken.
Asphalt Concrete Mixtures
Figures 2 and 3 a d Table 1 describe the asphalt concrete mixture
t e s t program. This portion of the study was performed in four parts
as described on Figure 2- A Marshall mixture design was performed on
the control materials t o establish binder contents fo r the selected
aggregate and aggregate gradation.
Two preliminary tes t programs were conductedi. The f i r s t prelim-
inary program u t i l i zed a roofing waste from Texas t o establish reason-
able ranges of t e s t variables t o u t i l i z e i n the study. The second
preliminary program involved the t e s t ing of f i v e roofing wastes t o \
establish t h e properties of the mixtures as affected by the type and
aniou.nt of added binder and by the source of t h e roofing waste. The
\
L.
na jo r portion of the mixture t e s t i n g program was performed on two
G'. PAULSEN PAGE 4
roofing wastes as shown on Table 1. The f i r s t th ree p a r t s of t h e
mixture t e s t ing program depicted on Figure 2 were performed t o
establish the source of roofing waste, range of quantities of roofing
waste, type of added binder, and quant i ty of added binder t o be used
i n t h e four th pa r t of t h e study. The t e s t ing sequence shown on
Figure 3 w a s utilized in a l l four parts of the mixture test program.
Asphalt concrete mixtures were subjected t o t h e test methods
Samples were mixed
Fif ty
shown in Figure 3 and are briefly described below.
and compacted according t o PSCM D1559 using 50 blows per side.
blows per s ide corresponds t o nediun! t r a f f i c conditions (2). Each
mixture was placed i n an oven a t t he specif ied 275' F compaction
temprature for one and a half hours after t h e completion of m i x i n g .
This was done t o simulate the mixing a t the hot plant, transportation
t o the job si te. and laydown elapse time. i n addition, t h i s ex t r a
time would allow the recycling agent t o digest the aged roofing waste
asphalt cement. Each mixture was then remixed prior t o ccmpaction.
B u l k spec i f ic g r a v i t i e s were obtained using P-STM D2726. The
r e s i l i e n t modulus (Young's modulus fo r v i scoe la s t i c mater ia ls) was
determined by ASTM D4123. The load w a s applied for a duration of 0.1
seconds; the load cycled a t threesecond intervals- Indirect tensi le
strength was determir?& according t o ASTM D4123 using a loading rate
of two inches per minu te and a d ry sample a t 77' F- Hveem s t a b i l i t y
was determined according t o ASTM D1560. Marshall s tab i l i ty and flow
were determined according t o ASTM D1559. Rice specific gravities were
deterrriined according t o A s h 1 D2041- A correct ion, a s described i n
- G. PAULSEN PAGS 5
Part 9 of ASTM D2041, was Fade fo r absorptive aggregate. A i r voids
were calculated by AST.M D3203 using the corrected Rice specific gravi-
ties. \The-presence QS roofing waste- material- did not affect the air Y
\
void analysis& The magnitude of t he correct ion f o r absorption was
consistent with mixtures containing the same absorptive aggregate and
no roofing waste.
IwmuALs
4sPhalk- An AR4000 asphalt cement was utilized in the control mixture and
i n m i x t u r e s containing roofing wastes, The physical propert ies of
t h i s asphal t cement are shown i n Table 2. A v i scos i ty temperature
re la t ionship is shown on Figure 4. This Cal i forn ia Valley asphal t
cement is used in Arizona. California, Nevada, and Oregon and has been
used in several research projects in the western states.
=linaAcrents Two recycling sgents were utilized in mixtures containing roofing
wastes. These prducts meet Pacific Coast Specifications for RA-5 and
RA-75 Recycling Wents and have been used on recycled asphalt mixture
p ro jec t s i n t h e western states. The physical proper t ies of these
materials are shown i n Table 2. Viscosity-temperature relationships
are shown on Figure 4- These lower v iscos i ty mater ia l s have t h e
capability of softening harder asphalts. The chemical composition of
these materials has been established t o insure compatibility w i t h a
wide range of paving grade asphalt cement types.
G. PAULSEN PAGE 6
A w r m
Aggregate w a s obtained from a p i t located in Sparks, Nevada. The
aggregate is a subrounded gravel, par t ia l ly crushed and washed, from
an a l l u v i a l deposit. The physical propert ies a r e shown i n Table 3.
The gradation of the aggregate used is shown on Figure 5.
TEST REsuI;TS - ROOFING WASTES
Samples of roofing wastes were obtained a t Reno, Nevada; Dallas/
Fort Worth, Texas; Oakbrook. I l l i no i s ; Savannah, Georgia; and New
Jersey. 71 e \.-er.tes were processed by Elanville Service Corporation
into one-quarter of an inch m i n u s and one inch m i n u s material. Size
reduction w a s done in a comminuting machine. The physical properties
of the roofing waste are discussed below.
Prorert ies B i o r & Extra ctirq Asphalt
Gradations - Gradation comparisons of the roofing wastes prior t o
extraction of the asphalt cement are shown in Figures 6 and 8 for the
one inch and one-quarter incli minus na te r ia l s . The one inch waste
from I l l ino is has a coarser gradation and the Nevada waste has a finer
gradation t b m the processed wastes from the other sources. The one-
quarter inch wastes from kvada and Texas have finer gradations than
the wastes from the other sources.
Gravity - The specific gravities of the wastes nre shown
in Table 4. The specific gravities of these materials are consider-
ably below that of conventional aggregates which typically have values
between 2.55 and 2.70. Thus, the percentages of roofing wastes i n
mixtures expressed as a percent by to t a l volume or a percent by to ta l
weight w i l l . be considerably d i f f e ren t . Asphalt concrete mixture
G. PAULSEN PAGE 7
design concepts a re based on volume concepts but a r e commonly
expressed on a weight basis for construction convenience.
Two methods were u t i l i z e d t o ex t rac t and recover the asphal t
cement from the roofing waste. Method 1 used A S T M D2172 (Method B) t o
ex t r ac t and a Buchi Rotavapor Di s t i l l a t i onAppara tus to recover the
asphalt cement from t h e roofing waste. Method 2 w a s performed by the
Manville Service Corporation. This method used a centrifuge process
and a cyclohexane solvent for extraction and a hot plate evaporation
system fo r recovery. A more de ta i led descr ipt ion of Method 2 is i n
Appendix A of Reference 10.
AsgbiU Ceme& sent - The asphal t content expressed by t h e
t o t a l weight of the roofing wastes is shown in Table 4. Data in Table
4 w a s determined from extraction and recovery Method 1. However, when
Method 2 was used , asphal t contents fo r the Nevada and New Jersey
roofing wastes were twenty and twenty-six percent. Method 2 uses a
cyclohexane solvent which may have dissolved only a portion of the
asphal t resul t ing i n low asphalt contents. The black color of t h e
mineral residue a f t e r extract ion tended t o confirm t h i s suspicion.
Penetration (ASTM D5) - Penetrations a t 39.2 and 77' F, 100 g,
and 5 seconds were obtained from the asphalt cement extracted and
recovered by Method 2. These t e s t r e su l t s a r e reported i n Table 5.
Roofing waste asphalt cements extracted and recovered by Method 1 were
not su i t ab le for penetration tes t ing. Air bubbles could not be
eliminated in the recovered asphalt thus producing e r r a t i c penetration
results.
G. PAULSEN PAGE 8
yiscosif;y (ASTM 0, 2170 & D, 217U - Viscosity tests were
performed a t 140 and 275' F. Test results from t h e asphal t cement
extracted and recovered by Method 2 are presented in Table 5. Blank
data e n t r i e s a r e the r e su l t of t h e recovered asphal t cements having
viscosities greater than available viscosity tube ranges. A l l asphalt
cements recovered by Method 1 had v i scos i t i e s exceeding avai lable
viscosity tube ranges.
Data contained i n Table 5 suggest that the asphalt recovered from
t h e Nevada roofing waste, by Method 2, is considerably s o f t e r than
asphalts recovered from other wastes. A l l data i n Table 5 relates t o
Method 2. However, t h i s same recovered asphalt seemed t o have t h e
highest v i scos i ty when extracted and recovered by Method 1. T h i s
observation was completely subjective since actual viscosity data from
Method 1 was unattainable. The nature of t h i s highly weathered
asphalt, possibly produced with a fe r r ic chloride catalyst, may have
imparted d i f f e r e n t s o l u b i l i t y cha rac t e r i s t i c s i n various solvents.
All recovered asphal ts from Method 1, which uses a hot extract ion
process and a t r ichloroethylene solvent, were very hard. T h i s sup-
p o r t s experimental evidence t h a t recovered asphalt may have higher
v i scos i ty values when recovered from solut ions obtained from hot
ex t rac t ion methods. The recovered asphal t from t h e Nevada roofing
waste w a s very soft when Method 2 w a s used. This may reflect the fact
t h a t only a portion of t h e asphal t was dissolved when extract ion
Method 2 was used. I t is t h e authors ' opinions t h a t Method 1 more
accurately represented t h e asphalt contents and relative stiffnesses
of the asphalts in the roofing wastes. In any case, improved extrac-
G. PAULSEN PAGE 11
digested by the recycling agent. Based on experience with recycling
asphalt concrete mixes, hot mix plant a i r quality problems, associated
w i t h smoke generation, can be expected a t percentages of wastes of
about f i f t y percent during f i e l d mixing operations. Large waste
percentages cause a decrease in new aggregate contact and an increase
in mixing tempratures. Both of these factors w i l l result i n smoking
of the asphalt in both drum and batch mixing plants.
T h i s preliminary t e s t ing program *i,nd
acceptable propert$ be mde with roofing wastes. However, in
general, the content of additional binder needs to be decreased or
its viscosity needs t o be increased ta increase *he* resi l ient modulus,
t e n s i l e strength, Hveem s t a b i l i t y , and a i r voids. Marshall flow
values need t o be decreased for some mixtures.
Prellrmnarv- T e s t s - 2&e ef Roofins Yaste . .
Preliminary tes t s were performed on mixtures prepared from the
f i v e roofing wastes. Ten and t h i r t y percent roofing waste by t o t a l
volume of mixtures w i t h recycling agents FA-5 and RA-75 were
evaluated. The tes t sequence shown on Figure 3 was used.
Mixtures which contained ten percent rocfing waste an6 4.75
percent of recycling agent RA-75 were, i n general. low i n r e s i l i e n t
modulus, tensile strength, Hveem stabi l i ty , and a i r voids. The binder
content should be reduced and/or the v iscos i ty of the binder in-
creased.
Mixtures containing th i r ty percent roofing wastes and two percent
recycling agent EA-5 have p r o p r t i e s which a re in acceptable ranges
with the exception of some Hveem stabilities.
G. PAULSEN PAGE 12
Previous research corducted on conventional m i x t u r e s indicates
t h a t r e s i l i e n t modulus values reflect t h e s t i f f n e s s of t h e binder
contained in the mixture. Tl-!e res i l ient ncdulus results in Figure 10
ard the asphalt s t i f fness parameters shown in Table 5 do not show the
expected relationship. Mixtures produced from t h e roofing w a s t e s from
Nevada and Texas have the highest res i l ient modulus. while mixtures
made with t h e roofing wastes from I l l i n o i s and New Jersey have low
resil ient mcdulus values. This conflicting behavior is partly due t o
t h e i n a b i l i t y of ex t rac t icn and recovery Method 2 t o properly char-
acterize the binder properties of roofing waste asphalt. Differences
i n the r e l a t ive digest ion of the roofing waste asphalt by the recy-
c l i n g agent o r "active" binder content may also contr ibute t o t h i s
inconsistency.
The results from t h e preliminary tests &ere used t o select the
source and amount of roofing waste as well as t h e type and amomt c;f
binder t o be used in the test matrix shown in Table 1.
Promrties of Mixtures
The tes t sequence shown cn Figure 3 was used fo r mixtures
iden t i f i ed i n t h e t e s t matrix shown i n Table 1. The Kevada and Rew
Jersey roofing wastes were selected t o represent mixtures with a wide
range of resil ient modulus. tensile strength. s tabi l i ty , flow, and a i r
void contents.
Quant i tv af Binder - Figures 11 t o 18 show t h e effects of the
quant i ty of the added binder on t h e propert ies of mixtures. The
quantity ad type oft binder. t o a large degree. control the properties
of a mixture. Piixtures prepared with the New Jersey roofing waste and
recycling agent RA-75 (Figures 13 and 14) produced mixtures with low
G. PAULSEN PAGE 13
resilient modulus, tensile strength, and Hveem stabilities, and high
flows. A t the higher binder contents, a i r voids were also low.
Figures 15 to 18 suggest that acceptable mixtures can be prepared
a t binder contents i n t h e range of three t o four percent when t h e
roofing waste contents a r e twenty percent by volume. The mixture
containing twenty percent New Jersey waste and four percent AR4000
binder has good resilient modulus and tensile strength, but stabil i ty
values a re s l igh t ly outside acceptable ranges. A reduction t o 3.5
percent binder would probably produce an acceptable mixture.
An acceptable mixture is possible a t t h e three percent binder
level when t h e Nevada roofing waste is used a t t h e twenty percent
level with recycling agent RA-75.
af Binder - Figures 11 t o 18 s h o w the effects of the type of
Since t h e asphalt i n t h e binder on the properties of t h e mixtures.
Nevada roofing waste seemed t o be more viscous than t h e asphalt i n
t h e New Jersey roofing waste (observations from extraction and re-
covery Method 11, an acceptable mixture can be prepared with recycling
agent RA-75 from the Nevada waste. A harder binder (AR4000) is re-
quired t o produce an acceptable mixture containing t h e New Jersey
roofing waste. The charac te r i s t ics of the new binder have t o be
matched w i t h t h e properties of t h e binder i n the roofing waste and,
perhaps, w i t h the physical character is t ics of t h e roofing waste
solids . Q!,g&i& af Roofina Waste - Figures 19 to 22 s h o w the effects of
t h e quantity of roofing waste. Unfortunately, t h e selected binder
(RA-75) was too so f t t o produce mixtures w i t h desirable properties
G. PAULSEN PAGE 14
from the New Jersey rcofing waste. With the exception of Eveem sta-
bi l i ty . a mixture of suitable properties was produced wi th the Bkvada
roofing waste up t o the twenty percent level. Propr selection of the
type and amount of binder should allow nixtures t o be produced which
contain th i r ty percent roofing waste.
\
Size of Roofina Wastg - Test r e s u l t s contained i n Reference 1 0
indicate t h a t the e f f e c t of the s i z e of t h e roofing waste cannot be
determined by the l i m i t e d data collected in t h i s study- In general.
hicjher quantities of the finer sieve size materials are produced when
the hammer m i l l processing produces one-quarter inch material.
" M C CONSIDERATION
A l i m i t e d economic study has been corducted which indicates that
cos t savings of twenty percent a r e possible fo r paving mixtures
containing roofirq wastes. * Adequate coverage of t h i s study cannot be
given here. Therefore, interested readers are encouraged t o contact
t he authors for a copy of Reference 11-
CONCLUSIONS
Results from t h i s s tudy show t h a t acceptable paving mixtures
which inc lude roofing waste can be made. Eowever, ,since roofing
asphal t s are generally a i r blown asphalts and are highly weathered,
asphal t concrete mixtures containing rcof in$ h6st-e nay experience
d u r a b i l i t y problems. Thus. t h e application of these mixes may be
l i m i t e d t o surface courses of l i g h t traffic roads and/,or t o the lower
layers of pavement sections. Long-term field performance n e d s t o be
established.
G. PAULSEN PAGE 15
It was seen t h a t d i f f e r e n t ex t rac t ion and recovery methods can
produce quite different asphalt contents and binder p ropr t i e s for the
same roofing waste. This is an important f ac to r t o consider when
designing asphalt concrete mixtures which contain roofing wastes. In
addi t ion, one m u s t consider t h e r e l a t i v e digest ion of t he roofing
waste asphal t by the recycling agent. While d i f f i c u l t t o quantify.
. ,
the amount of roofing waste asphalt which becomes an "active" binder
i n the mix w i i l a . 1 ~ a f f e c t t h e properties of t h e asphal t concrete
mixture.
Laboratory test results obtained i n t h i s preliminary study
indicate the following-
1. Acceptable paving m i x t u r e s can be produced which conta in
twenty p r c e n t by vo1ume:roofing waste- With a p r o p r selec-
t i o n of binder type, binder quant i t ies , and aggregate
gradations mixtures containing roof irii waste quantities too
and perhaps beyond, the t h i r ty percent levelkcan probably be
prepred with acceptable propx ties.
2- The type of binder selecked f o r use i n a mixture containing
roofing waste should be based the s t i f fness (penetration
and viscosity) of the asphalt cement in the roofing waste.
Improved asphalt cer;:ent ex t r ac t ion and recovery processes 3.
need t o be developed f o r roof ing wastes i n o r d e r t o
effectively determine the properties of the asphalt cement i n
the roofing waste.
4 . Gradations of conventional aggregates and roofing wastes
should be considerdl when designing paving mixtures.
b G. PAULSEN PAGE 16
1. Additional laboratory t e s t i n g is needed t o def ine more
accurately-the type and.amount of binder t o be used w i t h
particular roofing wastes and aggregate systems.
2. 'Laboratory tests need t o be performed and computer models
need t o be u t i l i zed t o predict",Ehe -relat ive behavior of
mixtures containing roofing wastes when subjected t o rutting,
fa t igue cracking, thermalcracking, ag ing ,andthe loss of
strength in the presence of water.
F i e ld construction techniques need t o be developed which
allow roofing waste t o be u t i l i z e d in hot mix operations
without creating adverse environmental effects.
3.
4. The long-term performance characteristics of those mixtures
need t o be defined by extensive laboratory and f ie ld testing.
5. The economics of , t hePCuse .of roofing wastes needs t o be
determined a t several specific locat ions i n t h e United
States.
AcKNcwTsx;EMEETT
This research s tudy was performed under a subcontract admin-
i s t e r ed by the Manville Service Corporation i n conjunction w i t h
Contract DEdC07-85l.D-12560 funded by the United States Department of
Energy. The authors would like t o thank the Manville Service Corpora-
t i on , and espec ia l ly Mr. P h i l Shepherd, fo r t h e i r technical a s s i s -
tance.
G. PAULSEN
REFERENCES
PAGE 17
1. Desai, S., Graziano, G., and Shepherd, P., "Recovery and Reuse of \
Asphalt Roofing Waste, De-ACO7-82CE-40558, February 2, 1984, p. 2.
2. Gallaway, B.M., Epps, J.A., and Ledbetter, W.B., "Feasibixity of Using Highway Litter i n Highway Construction and Maintenance," report prepared fo r FHWA by Texas Transportation I n s t i t u t e , December 197 1.
3. Ledbetter, W.B., Gallaway,, B.M., and Epps, J.A., "Highway Litter Should Pay Its Own Way," American road Builder, Vol. 49, 1972.
"Waste Materials, By-Products and Recycled Products," Transprta- t ion Research Board, special Report 166, 1976.
4.
5. Epps, J.A., "Recycling Materials f o r Highways," NCHW Synthesis 54, Noverrber 1976.
6. Epps, et al., "Guidelines for Recycling Asphalt Pavements," AAFll, Vole 49, 1980.
User- 7. Epps, J A and Gallaway, B.M., Proceed- &ghU - R d h x produca COnference, May 1980.
8. Wwpf &a)&&, 1985, ASIM Vol. 04.03.
9. Method3 far Concretb The Asphalt Institute, MS-2, 1984 edition.
10. Paulsen, G.L., Stroup-Gardiner, M., and Epps, J.A., "Roofing Waste i n Asphalt Paving Mixtures," &port 709-5, Center f o r Construction Materials Research, University of Nevada-Reno, November 1985.
11. Epps, J.A. and Paulsen, G.L., "Use of Roofing Wastes i n Asphalt Paving Mixtures - Economic Consideration," 709-2, Center f o r Construction Materials Research, University of Nevada-Reno, February 1986.
G. PAULSEN
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title 1
2 Physical Properties of Binders
3 Aggregate Properties
4 Roofing Waste Properties
Test Matrix for Mixture Testing Program
5 Recovered Roofing Waste Asphalt Cement Properties (Method 2)
PAGE 18
>. E!!x 19
20
20
21
21
Table 1: Test Matrix for Mixture Testing Program
Type of Roofing
Waste
-------- 1" minus &w Jersey
-- -- V4" minus ikw Jersey
------- V4" minus ikvada
-- 1" minus levada
Quantity of RA-5 ----- I
Waste, % Quantity of by Volume Added Binder, %
by Weight
3 4 5 ---------I--
.----- ----I_----
lo
20
30
Table 2: Physical Properties of Binders
/l??yh Point, C.O.C.
PAGE 20
-
Penetration, 77% 54 I 100 g/5 sec (0.1 rmn)
ific Gravity
2180 P t 270 cst Viscosity, 140%'
I Viscosity, 2759
0.98-1.02
Ductility, 7- 5 c"in
r 9
C'OARSE
Bulk Specific Gravity 2.490
Bulk Specific Gravity (S93 2 . 564 Apparent Specific Gravity 2.689
Absorption (Percent) 2.971
FINE
Bulk Specific Gravity 2.454
Bulk Specific Gravity (SED) 2.557
Apparent Specific Gravity 2.708
Absorption (Percent) 3.820
I loo + I- ,
I
R & B Soften- Point
t I I
I
260 cst I 8000 cSt
13 cSt 60 cst
I I 450
400 min.
~~
0.98-1.02 1 0.98-1.02 I
Table 3: Aggregate Properties
PAGE 21
Dallas/ Fort Worth
TeXaS
G . TALILSEN
~ ~
Oakbrook Illinois
1.26
39.1
1.36
33.2
~
Dallas/ Fort Worth
TeXaS
Oakbrook 111 inois
SaMMah Georgia
~~
11
5
3
Table 4: Roof h g Wastes Properties
sa- Georgia
Proprty Reno Nevada
New Jerseh -
Apparent Specific Gravity*
1.37 1.28 1.13
Asphalt Content+ (Method 11
37.2 35.4 37.6
* prior to extraction
+ % by total weight of waste
Table 5: Recovered Roof- Waste Asphalt Cement Properties (Method 21
100 g/5 sec E SCURCE (0.1 “I
P-ION 77%
100 g/5 sec (0.1 “1
VImsITY 275%’ (cSt . 1
PVN
-2 . 97 189 27 52 Reno Nevada
24 2,630 0.73 149,000
-* 12 3,880 5.53 ~
2.68 7 -* 53,100 ~~
31,500 ~
2.67 11 Jersey New I 4 -*
*Recovered asphalt c m t viscosity exceeded available tube ranges.
G. PAULSEN PAGE 2 2
LIST OF FIGURES
Fisure T i t l e
1
2
Test Sequence for Defining Properties of Roofing Wastes
Test sequence for Defining Properties of Asphalt Concrete Containing Roofing Waste
3 Test Program as Identified on Table 1
4 Viscosity Versus Temperature Relationships of Test Program Binders
5 Aggregate Grding Curve a d Mx)T Specification
6 Roofing Waste Grading Curves of 1-inch Material Before Extraction
7 Roofing Waste Grading Curves of 1-inch Material After Extraction
8 Roofing Waste Grading Curves of U4-inch Material Before Extraction
9 Roofing Waste Grading Curves of l/4-inch Material After Extraction
10 Effect of Roofing Waste Type - Preliminary Testing
11 Effect of Added Binder Content - New Jersey Roofing Waste/RA-5
1 2 Effect of Mded Binder Content - New Jersey Roofing Waste/RA-5
13 Effect of Mded Binder Content - New Jersey Roofing Waste/RA-75
14 Effect of Mded Binder Content - New Jersey Roofing WastehA-75
15 Effect of Mded Binder Content - New Jersey Roofing Waste/AR4000
16 Effect of Added Binder Content - New Jersey Roofing Waste/AR4000
17 Effect of Mded Binder Content - Nevada Roofing Waste/RA-75
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
G. PAULSEN
,
18 Effect of Added Binder Content - Nevada Roofing Waste/RA-75 40
Effect of Roofing Waste Quantity- New Jersey Roofing Waste/RA-75 4 1
\ 19
20 E f f e c t of Roofing Waste Quantity- New Jersey Roofing ~aste/M-75
Effect of Roofing Waste Quantity- Nevada Roofing Waste/RA-75
2 1
22 Effect of Roofing Waste Quantity- Nevada Roof Waste/RA-75
42
43
44
--I_
Preliminary tests to evaluate type
Figure 2: Test Sequence for Defining Properties of Asphalt Concrete Containing Roofing Waste
1 "
------ M i x & Mold/-
Asphalt specific Concrete Gravity Samples - D2726 -- D1559*
6 Samples ----- 6 Sanples ----- ------- ----I_-
* Refers to ASI'M Test "hers.
Figure 3: Test Program as Identified on Table 1
G. PAULSEN PAGE 26
1 I I I I
0 0 0 0 0 0 0- +- - i - -
H W
m E rD L cs, 0 t a. -w cn aa k- Y- O
cn n .r(
GI
100
80
60
PERCENT PASSING
40
20
0 1 I I I I I 1 I
50 30 16 8 4 318 3/4 200 io0
SIEVE SIZE
FIGURE 5 : Aggregate Grading Curve and NDOT S p e c i f i c a t i o n
N 4
G. PAULSEN
0 OD 0 0
Lo cf 0 cu C
-3. '1 m
OD 1 m
cf
OD
Lo
0 m
0 In
0 0 .r(
3 3 N
PAGE 28
W 0 N H v)
al ffl > c W =I > u
U J c W H cn
'..
PERCENT PASSING
100
80
60
40
20
0
I I
I I I I I I I
200
FIGURE
100 50
7 : Roofing Waste
30 16
SIEVE SIZE
Grading Curves o f
8 4
1-inch Material
3 j 8
After
3/4
Extract i on z c, m N W
PERCENT PASSING
60 8ol SIEVE SIZE
+ NV
* TX
-8- I L
Jt GA
- NJ
FIGURE 8 : Roofing Waste Grading Curves of 1/4-inch M a t e r i a l Before E x t r a c t i o n
/
W 0
80
60
40
20
0
75 2% RA-5 30% - 1/4" ROOFING WASTE
29
16 18
T
FIGURE 10 : Effect o f Roofing Waste Type - Preliminary Testing
/ I
c)
58
MR @ 77F ( X 10 k s i )
I N . TENS. ( X 10 psi)
A I R VOIDS ( % I
80
60
40
20
0.
20% - NJ ROOFING WASTE
4% RA-5 @ 5% RA-5
CTRL
58
18
MR @ 77F ( X 10 ksi)
I N . TENS. ( X 10 p s i )
A I R VOIDS ( % I
. FIGURE 11 : E f f e c t o f Added B inder Content - NJ Roo f ing Waste / RA-5 Crl
40 1
30
20
10
0
37 c-----l
20% - NJ ROOFING WASTE
20 20
25
m H H
11
17
T
HVEEM MARSHALL FLOW ( S I ( X 100 lbs.) (1/100 i n c h )
'I
e3 3% RA-5 m.4% RA-5
5% RA-5 I' CTRL
4 4
AIR VOIDS ( %.
w FIGURE 12 : E f f e c t o f Added B inder Content - NJ Roo f ing Waste / RA-5
W 4
80
60
40
20
0
58
U
20% - NJ ROOFING WASTE
3% RA-75 a 4% RA-75
5% RA-75 CTRL
18
MR @ 77F ( X 10 k s i )
IN. TENS. ( X 10 psi)
AIR VOIDS ( % I
FIGURE 13 : E f f e c t o f Added Binder Content - NJ Roofing Waste / RA-75
tl
r m v,
Z
Gl
30 41 37 20% NJ ROOFING WASTE
20
10
0
FIGURE 14 : E f f e c t o f Added Binder Content - NJ Roofing Waste / RA-75 : GI M
ec
60
40
20
0
4% AR4000 5% AR4000 6% AR4000 CTRL
20% - NJ ROOFING WASTE
58
A 9 45
T
MR @ 77F ( X 10 ksi)
IN. TENS. ( X I O psi)
18 15 15 15 1-1
4.5 4
AIR VOIDS ( % I
-1
FIGURE 15 : E f f e c t o f Added Binder Content - NJ Roofing Waste / AR4000 w P GI M
40
30
20
10
0
36 w 37 20% - NV ROOFING WASTE
H
HVEEM ( S I
23
19 m 17 17
MARSHALL ( X 100 l b s . )
3% RA-75 4% RA-75 5% RA-75 CTRL
6.5
7
FLOW A I R VOIDS (1/100 inch) ( % I
FIGURE 18 : E f f e c t o f Added Binder Content - NV Roofing Waste / RA-75
n
PAGE 4 2
r
I < U
I 7'7 -3
CT- < H
cn 0 H h 0 >be
L
I
0 u- a
0 m I
0 (u
I
4 0
7 0
m I-- I
O 0 a
0 a ce 0
-c, u aJ Y- Y- W
.. 0 cu W
23 c3 a H L L
PAGE 4 3
-m
Lo b
I
In
R a- a c-l
A
.d
W I - 0
7%
M
v H
\
aJ +J
O 0 U Y- O
Y- w .. d cu W
3 c3 H LL
a
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