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I G.’ PAULSEN

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BY Greg Paulsen

Mary Strou-rdiner Jon Epps

Center for Construction Materials Research Department of Civil Engineering

University of Nevada Reno, Nevada 89557

(702) 784-6858

- G. PAULSEN

AEEmAcr

T h i s paper addresses the technical f e a s i b i l i t y of u t i l i z i n g

roofing waste products i n asphalt concrete paving mixtures.

Approximately .nine million tons of roofing w a s t e are generated

annually: i n the 'United States. Disposal cos t s a r e s ignif icant .

Recycling represents an economical and, perhaps, environmentally

a t t r a c t i v e a l t e rna t ive t o placing these wastes i n l andf i l l s . The

r e l a t ive ly large quant i t ies of asphal t cement and "aggregate type"

materials present i n roofing waste suggest that it has the potential

a s a p a r t i a l subs t i tu te fo r asphalt cement and/or aggregate i n a

paving mixture.

A study was conducted which arrived a t the following conclusions:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5 .

6.

Acceptable paving mixtures can be produced which contain up

to, twenty percent by volume of zoofing waste:

Propr selection of binder type and quantity is critical t o

t h e performance of t h e mixture and depends on t h e type and

quantity of the roofing waste i n the mixture:

Improved asphalt cement ex t r ac t ion and recovery processes

need t o be developed t o effectively determine the properties

of the asphalt cement i n the roofing waste:

Theatotal "active binder" content, depending on the effec-

tiveness of the recycling agents, should be considered when

designing asphalt concrete mixtures:

The gradations of conventional aggregates and roofing w a s t e s

should be considered when designing paving mixtures: and

The long-term field performance of paving mixtures containing

roofing waste needs t o be established.

i

. G . PAULSEN

Page

I.U.ION ..................................................... 1

.......................................................... 1

TEST ...................................................... 3

MATER-TALS ........................................................ 5

TEST RESULTS - RXXING WASTES ................................... 6

TEST F!ESULTS - ASPHALT CDICRETF, MMTURES ......................... 9

EXDNXCC CDNSIDERATION ........................................... 14

CD.SION ....................................................... 14

nrmRE .................................................... 16

A. .................................................. 16

' . .

REFERENCES ....................................................... 17

LIST OF TABLES ................................................... 18

LIST OF F1.S .................................................. 22

G. PAULSEN PAGE 1

1 " R D U C T I O N

e million tons of roofirq waste are generat

a ea Statesa(1). Disposal costs , a s wi th large

amounts of any waste type8 are significant. Recycling represents an

economical alternative t o placing these wastes in land f i l l s . &cy-

c l ing of roofing waste in to paving mater ia ls is a disposal a l terna-

t ive . Typical roofing waste products, such as 91- p r

ing, contain about th i r ty-s ix pe t asphal t cemenk,

twenty-two percent hard rock granules:' (minus KO. 1 0 t o plus No. 60

sieve size) , eight percent f i l l e r (minus No. 100 sieve size material) 8

and smaller amounts of coarse aggregate (approximately one inch i n

s i z e ) , ce l lu lose f i b e r felt , g l a s s fiber fe l t , asbestos f e l t , and

polyester f i l m s . The relatively large quantities of asphalt cement and

"aggregate type" mater ia ls present i n roofing waste suggest t h a t it

has the poten t ia l a s a p a r t i a l s u b s t i t u t e for asphalt cercent ar!d/or

aggregate in a paving mixture. This report mntains the results of a

preliminary investigation for es tabl ishing the f e a s i b i l i t y of

u t i l i z ing roofing waste products in asphalt concrete paving mixtures.

A wide variety of waste products and by-products, including old

pavement materials, waste glass, battery cases. polypropylene contain-

ers . old t i r e s , f l y ash, bottom ash, s lag , etc., can be successfully

incorporated into paving materials from a technical standpoint ( H I .

From a nat ional perspective and based on both a technical and an

economic viewpoint, the reuse of old pavement materials, old t i res ,

. G. PAULSEN PAGE 2

f l y ash, and slag have been successful. Literature is not available

which addresses t h e technical and economic f e a s i b i l i t y of using

roofing wastes in asphalt paving mter ia l s .

Several technical items w i l l have t o be addressed p r io r t o the

widespread use of roofing waste in asphalt concrete mixtures. These

item include:

1. The naturetad quantities of the materials in roofing waste

including the properties of t h e asphalt cement and the grain

size distribution of the solid material,

2. The quant i ty of roofing waste t h a t can be introduced. i n to a

paving mix t u re without adversely a l t e r ing the engineering

properties of the mixture,

3. The quantity and t y p of asphalt cement and/or aromatic type ,<e- . -

o i l s needed t o sof ten t h e aged roofing a spha l t t o an appro-

priate paving grade asphalt cement,

4. The techniques for introducing the processed roofing waste

into ' the asphalt concrete mixing and paving process without

creating adverse environmental effects,

5. Establishing the long term performance cha rac t e r i s t i c s of

asphalt concrete containing roofing waste by an extensive

laboratory and field testing program, and

6. Determining the local economics of using t h i s w a s t e material

i n a paving mixture.

A test program has been conducted which addresses items 1 through

,3. A more extensive research effort w i l l be required t o define items

1 through 6 in sufficient detai l t o gain acceptance by the contracting

and engineering c o " i t i e s .

G. PAULSEN PAGE 3

TEST PRDGRAM

Roofing wastes from five sources have been obtained and subjected

t o the test program shown in Figure 1. Samples of roofing waste were

obtained and processed t o one inch and one-quarter inch m a x i m u m size.

F&ofing wastes and their components were subjected t o the following

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) tests. Gradations

(ASTM C136) and specific gravities (ASTM D2041) were obtained prior t o

the extraction ard recovery of the asphalt cement. After t he extrac-

t i o n and recovery of t h e asphalt cement, penetration (ASTM D5) and

v iscos i ty @SI% D2170, D2171) t e s t s were performed on the asphalt

cement. The gradations of the solids were determined. and photographs

were taken.

Asphalt Concrete Mixtures

Figures 2 and 3 a d Table 1 describe the asphalt concrete mixture

t e s t program. This portion of the study was performed in four parts

as described on Figure 2- A Marshall mixture design was performed on

the control materials t o establish binder contents fo r the selected

aggregate and aggregate gradation.

Two preliminary tes t programs were conductedi. The f i r s t prelim-

inary program u t i l i zed a roofing waste from Texas t o establish reason-

able ranges of t e s t variables t o u t i l i z e i n the study. The second

preliminary program involved the t e s t ing of f i v e roofing wastes t o \

establish t h e properties of the mixtures as affected by the type and

aniou.nt of added binder and by the source of t h e roofing waste. The

\

L.

na jo r portion of the mixture t e s t i n g program was performed on two

G'. PAULSEN PAGE 4

roofing wastes as shown on Table 1. The f i r s t th ree p a r t s of t h e

mixture t e s t ing program depicted on Figure 2 were performed t o

establish the source of roofing waste, range of quantities of roofing

waste, type of added binder, and quant i ty of added binder t o be used

i n t h e four th pa r t of t h e study. The t e s t ing sequence shown on

Figure 3 w a s utilized in a l l four parts of the mixture test program.

Asphalt concrete mixtures were subjected t o t h e test methods

Samples were mixed

Fif ty

shown in Figure 3 and are briefly described below.

and compacted according t o PSCM D1559 using 50 blows per side.

blows per s ide corresponds t o nediun! t r a f f i c conditions (2). Each

mixture was placed i n an oven a t t he specif ied 275' F compaction

temprature for one and a half hours after t h e completion of m i x i n g .

This was done t o simulate the mixing a t the hot plant, transportation

t o the job si te. and laydown elapse time. i n addition, t h i s ex t r a

time would allow the recycling agent t o digest the aged roofing waste

asphalt cement. Each mixture was then remixed prior t o ccmpaction.

B u l k spec i f ic g r a v i t i e s were obtained using P-STM D2726. The

r e s i l i e n t modulus (Young's modulus fo r v i scoe la s t i c mater ia ls) was

determined by ASTM D4123. The load w a s applied for a duration of 0.1

seconds; the load cycled a t threesecond intervals- Indirect tensi le

strength was determir?& according t o ASTM D4123 using a loading rate

of two inches per minu te and a d ry sample a t 77' F- Hveem s t a b i l i t y

was determined according t o ASTM D1560. Marshall s tab i l i ty and flow

were determined according t o ASTM D1559. Rice specific gravities were

deterrriined according t o A s h 1 D2041- A correct ion, a s described i n

- G. PAULSEN PAGS 5

Part 9 of ASTM D2041, was Fade fo r absorptive aggregate. A i r voids

were calculated by AST.M D3203 using the corrected Rice specific gravi-

ties. \The-presence QS roofing waste- material- did not affect the air Y

\

void analysis& The magnitude of t he correct ion f o r absorption was

consistent with mixtures containing the same absorptive aggregate and

no roofing waste.

IwmuALs

4sPhalk- An AR4000 asphalt cement was utilized in the control mixture and

i n m i x t u r e s containing roofing wastes, The physical propert ies of

t h i s asphal t cement are shown i n Table 2. A v i scos i ty temperature

re la t ionship is shown on Figure 4. This Cal i forn ia Valley asphal t

cement is used in Arizona. California, Nevada, and Oregon and has been

used in several research projects in the western states.

=linaAcrents Two recycling sgents were utilized in mixtures containing roofing

wastes. These prducts meet Pacific Coast Specifications for RA-5 and

RA-75 Recycling Wents and have been used on recycled asphalt mixture

p ro jec t s i n t h e western states. The physical proper t ies of these

materials are shown i n Table 2. Viscosity-temperature relationships

are shown on Figure 4- These lower v iscos i ty mater ia l s have t h e

capability of softening harder asphalts. The chemical composition of

these materials has been established t o insure compatibility w i t h a

wide range of paving grade asphalt cement types.

G. PAULSEN PAGE 6

A w r m

Aggregate w a s obtained from a p i t located in Sparks, Nevada. The

aggregate is a subrounded gravel, par t ia l ly crushed and washed, from

an a l l u v i a l deposit. The physical propert ies a r e shown i n Table 3.

The gradation of the aggregate used is shown on Figure 5.

TEST REsuI;TS - ROOFING WASTES

Samples of roofing wastes were obtained a t Reno, Nevada; Dallas/

Fort Worth, Texas; Oakbrook. I l l i no i s ; Savannah, Georgia; and New

Jersey. 71 e \.-er.tes were processed by Elanville Service Corporation

into one-quarter of an inch m i n u s and one inch m i n u s material. Size

reduction w a s done in a comminuting machine. The physical properties

of the roofing waste are discussed below.

Prorert ies B i o r & Extra ctirq Asphalt

Gradations - Gradation comparisons of the roofing wastes prior t o

extraction of the asphalt cement are shown in Figures 6 and 8 for the

one inch and one-quarter incli minus na te r ia l s . The one inch waste

from I l l ino is has a coarser gradation and the Nevada waste has a finer

gradation t b m the processed wastes from the other sources. The one-

quarter inch wastes from kvada and Texas have finer gradations than

the wastes from the other sources.

Gravity - The specific gravities of the wastes nre shown

in Table 4. The specific gravities of these materials are consider-

ably below that of conventional aggregates which typically have values

between 2.55 and 2.70. Thus, the percentages of roofing wastes i n

mixtures expressed as a percent by to t a l volume or a percent by to ta l

weight w i l l . be considerably d i f f e ren t . Asphalt concrete mixture

G. PAULSEN PAGE 7

design concepts a re based on volume concepts but a r e commonly

expressed on a weight basis for construction convenience.

Two methods were u t i l i z e d t o ex t rac t and recover the asphal t

cement from the roofing waste. Method 1 used A S T M D2172 (Method B) t o

ex t r ac t and a Buchi Rotavapor Di s t i l l a t i onAppara tus to recover the

asphalt cement from t h e roofing waste. Method 2 w a s performed by the

Manville Service Corporation. This method used a centrifuge process

and a cyclohexane solvent for extraction and a hot plate evaporation

system fo r recovery. A more de ta i led descr ipt ion of Method 2 is i n

Appendix A of Reference 10.

AsgbiU Ceme& sent - The asphal t content expressed by t h e

t o t a l weight of the roofing wastes is shown in Table 4. Data in Table

4 w a s determined from extraction and recovery Method 1. However, when

Method 2 was used , asphal t contents fo r the Nevada and New Jersey

roofing wastes were twenty and twenty-six percent. Method 2 uses a

cyclohexane solvent which may have dissolved only a portion of the

asphal t resul t ing i n low asphalt contents. The black color of t h e

mineral residue a f t e r extract ion tended t o confirm t h i s suspicion.

Penetration (ASTM D5) - Penetrations a t 39.2 and 77' F, 100 g,

and 5 seconds were obtained from the asphalt cement extracted and

recovered by Method 2. These t e s t r e su l t s a r e reported i n Table 5.

Roofing waste asphalt cements extracted and recovered by Method 1 were

not su i t ab le for penetration tes t ing. Air bubbles could not be

eliminated in the recovered asphalt thus producing e r r a t i c penetration

results.

G. PAULSEN PAGE 8

yiscosif;y (ASTM 0, 2170 & D, 217U - Viscosity tests were

performed a t 140 and 275' F. Test results from t h e asphal t cement

extracted and recovered by Method 2 are presented in Table 5. Blank

data e n t r i e s a r e the r e su l t of t h e recovered asphal t cements having

viscosities greater than available viscosity tube ranges. A l l asphalt

cements recovered by Method 1 had v i scos i t i e s exceeding avai lable

viscosity tube ranges.

Data contained i n Table 5 suggest that the asphalt recovered from

t h e Nevada roofing waste, by Method 2, is considerably s o f t e r than

asphalts recovered from other wastes. A l l data i n Table 5 relates t o

Method 2. However, t h i s same recovered asphalt seemed t o have t h e

highest v i scos i ty when extracted and recovered by Method 1. T h i s

observation was completely subjective since actual viscosity data from

Method 1 was unattainable. The nature of t h i s highly weathered

asphalt, possibly produced with a fe r r ic chloride catalyst, may have

imparted d i f f e r e n t s o l u b i l i t y cha rac t e r i s t i c s i n various solvents.

All recovered asphal ts from Method 1, which uses a hot extract ion

process and a t r ichloroethylene solvent, were very hard. T h i s sup-

p o r t s experimental evidence t h a t recovered asphalt may have higher

v i scos i ty values when recovered from solut ions obtained from hot

ex t rac t ion methods. The recovered asphal t from t h e Nevada roofing

waste w a s very soft when Method 2 w a s used. This may reflect the fact

t h a t only a portion of t h e asphal t was dissolved when extract ion

Method 2 was used. I t is t h e authors ' opinions t h a t Method 1 more

accurately represented t h e asphalt contents and relative stiffnesses

of the asphalts in the roofing wastes. In any case, improved extrac-

G. PAULSEN PAGE 11

digested by the recycling agent. Based on experience with recycling

asphalt concrete mixes, hot mix plant a i r quality problems, associated

w i t h smoke generation, can be expected a t percentages of wastes of

about f i f t y percent during f i e l d mixing operations. Large waste

percentages cause a decrease in new aggregate contact and an increase

in mixing tempratures. Both of these factors w i l l result i n smoking

of the asphalt in both drum and batch mixing plants.

T h i s preliminary t e s t ing program *i,nd

acceptable propert$ be mde with roofing wastes. However, in

general, the content of additional binder needs to be decreased or

its viscosity needs t o be increased ta increase *he* resi l ient modulus,

t e n s i l e strength, Hveem s t a b i l i t y , and a i r voids. Marshall flow

values need t o be decreased for some mixtures.

Prellrmnarv- T e s t s - 2&e ef Roofins Yaste . .

Preliminary tes t s were performed on mixtures prepared from the

f i v e roofing wastes. Ten and t h i r t y percent roofing waste by t o t a l

volume of mixtures w i t h recycling agents FA-5 and RA-75 were

evaluated. The tes t sequence shown on Figure 3 was used.

Mixtures which contained ten percent rocfing waste an6 4.75

percent of recycling agent RA-75 were, i n general. low i n r e s i l i e n t

modulus, tensile strength, Hveem stabi l i ty , and a i r voids. The binder

content should be reduced and/or the v iscos i ty of the binder in-

creased.

Mixtures containing th i r ty percent roofing wastes and two percent

recycling agent EA-5 have p r o p r t i e s which a re in acceptable ranges

with the exception of some Hveem stabilities.

G. PAULSEN PAGE 12

Previous research corducted on conventional m i x t u r e s indicates

t h a t r e s i l i e n t modulus values reflect t h e s t i f f n e s s of t h e binder

contained in the mixture. Tl-!e res i l ient ncdulus results in Figure 10

ard the asphalt s t i f fness parameters shown in Table 5 do not show the

expected relationship. Mixtures produced from t h e roofing w a s t e s from

Nevada and Texas have the highest res i l ient modulus. while mixtures

made with t h e roofing wastes from I l l i n o i s and New Jersey have low

resil ient mcdulus values. This conflicting behavior is partly due t o

t h e i n a b i l i t y of ex t rac t icn and recovery Method 2 t o properly char-

acterize the binder properties of roofing waste asphalt. Differences

i n the r e l a t ive digest ion of the roofing waste asphalt by the recy-

c l i n g agent o r "active" binder content may also contr ibute t o t h i s

inconsistency.

The results from t h e preliminary tests &ere used t o select the

source and amount of roofing waste as well as t h e type and amomt c;f

binder t o be used in the test matrix shown in Table 1.

Promrties of Mixtures

The tes t sequence shown cn Figure 3 was used fo r mixtures

iden t i f i ed i n t h e t e s t matrix shown i n Table 1. The Kevada and Rew

Jersey roofing wastes were selected t o represent mixtures with a wide

range of resil ient modulus. tensile strength. s tabi l i ty , flow, and a i r

void contents.

Quant i tv af Binder - Figures 11 t o 18 show t h e effects of the

quant i ty of the added binder on t h e propert ies of mixtures. The

quantity ad type oft binder. t o a large degree. control the properties

of a mixture. Piixtures prepared with the New Jersey roofing waste and

recycling agent RA-75 (Figures 13 and 14) produced mixtures with low

G. PAULSEN PAGE 13

resilient modulus, tensile strength, and Hveem stabilities, and high

flows. A t the higher binder contents, a i r voids were also low.

Figures 15 to 18 suggest that acceptable mixtures can be prepared

a t binder contents i n t h e range of three t o four percent when t h e

roofing waste contents a r e twenty percent by volume. The mixture

containing twenty percent New Jersey waste and four percent AR4000

binder has good resilient modulus and tensile strength, but stabil i ty

values a re s l igh t ly outside acceptable ranges. A reduction t o 3.5

percent binder would probably produce an acceptable mixture.

An acceptable mixture is possible a t t h e three percent binder

level when t h e Nevada roofing waste is used a t t h e twenty percent

level with recycling agent RA-75.

af Binder - Figures 11 t o 18 s h o w the effects of the type of

Since t h e asphalt i n t h e binder on the properties of t h e mixtures.

Nevada roofing waste seemed t o be more viscous than t h e asphalt i n

t h e New Jersey roofing waste (observations from extraction and re-

covery Method 11, an acceptable mixture can be prepared with recycling

agent RA-75 from the Nevada waste. A harder binder (AR4000) is re-

quired t o produce an acceptable mixture containing t h e New Jersey

roofing waste. The charac te r i s t ics of the new binder have t o be

matched w i t h t h e properties of t h e binder i n the roofing waste and,

perhaps, w i t h the physical character is t ics of t h e roofing waste

solids . Q!,g&i& af Roofina Waste - Figures 19 to 22 s h o w the effects of

t h e quantity of roofing waste. Unfortunately, t h e selected binder

(RA-75) was too so f t t o produce mixtures w i t h desirable properties

G. PAULSEN PAGE 14

from the New Jersey rcofing waste. With the exception of Eveem sta-

bi l i ty . a mixture of suitable properties was produced wi th the Bkvada

roofing waste up t o the twenty percent level. Propr selection of the

type and amount of binder should allow nixtures t o be produced which

contain th i r ty percent roofing waste.

\

Size of Roofina Wastg - Test r e s u l t s contained i n Reference 1 0

indicate t h a t the e f f e c t of the s i z e of t h e roofing waste cannot be

determined by the l i m i t e d data collected in t h i s study- In general.

hicjher quantities of the finer sieve size materials are produced when

the hammer m i l l processing produces one-quarter inch material.

" M C CONSIDERATION

A l i m i t e d economic study has been corducted which indicates that

cos t savings of twenty percent a r e possible fo r paving mixtures

containing roofirq wastes. * Adequate coverage of t h i s study cannot be

given here. Therefore, interested readers are encouraged t o contact

t he authors for a copy of Reference 11-

CONCLUSIONS

Results from t h i s s tudy show t h a t acceptable paving mixtures

which inc lude roofing waste can be made. Eowever, ,since roofing

asphal t s are generally a i r blown asphalts and are highly weathered,

asphal t concrete mixtures containing rcof in$ h6st-e nay experience

d u r a b i l i t y problems. Thus. t h e application of these mixes may be

l i m i t e d t o surface courses of l i g h t traffic roads and/,or t o the lower

layers of pavement sections. Long-term field performance n e d s t o be

established.

G. PAULSEN PAGE 15

It was seen t h a t d i f f e r e n t ex t rac t ion and recovery methods can

produce quite different asphalt contents and binder p ropr t i e s for the

same roofing waste. This is an important f ac to r t o consider when

designing asphalt concrete mixtures which contain roofing wastes. In

addi t ion, one m u s t consider t h e r e l a t i v e digest ion of t he roofing

waste asphal t by the recycling agent. While d i f f i c u l t t o quantify.

. ,

the amount of roofing waste asphalt which becomes an "active" binder

i n the mix w i i l a . 1 ~ a f f e c t t h e properties of t h e asphal t concrete

mixture.

Laboratory test results obtained i n t h i s preliminary study

indicate the following-

1. Acceptable paving m i x t u r e s can be produced which conta in

twenty p r c e n t by vo1ume:roofing waste- With a p r o p r selec-

t i o n of binder type, binder quant i t ies , and aggregate

gradations mixtures containing roof irii waste quantities too

and perhaps beyond, the t h i r ty percent levelkcan probably be

prepred with acceptable propx ties.

2- The type of binder selecked f o r use i n a mixture containing

roofing waste should be based the s t i f fness (penetration

and viscosity) of the asphalt cement in the roofing waste.

Improved asphalt cer;:ent ex t r ac t ion and recovery processes 3.

need t o be developed f o r roof ing wastes i n o r d e r t o

effectively determine the properties of the asphalt cement i n

the roofing waste.

4 . Gradations of conventional aggregates and roofing wastes

should be considerdl when designing paving mixtures.

b G. PAULSEN PAGE 16

1. Additional laboratory t e s t i n g is needed t o def ine more

accurately-the type and.amount of binder t o be used w i t h

particular roofing wastes and aggregate systems.

2. 'Laboratory tests need t o be performed and computer models

need t o be u t i l i zed t o predict",Ehe -relat ive behavior of

mixtures containing roofing wastes when subjected t o rutting,

fa t igue cracking, thermalcracking, ag ing ,andthe loss of

strength in the presence of water.

F i e ld construction techniques need t o be developed which

allow roofing waste t o be u t i l i z e d in hot mix operations

without creating adverse environmental effects.

3.

4. The long-term performance characteristics of those mixtures

need t o be defined by extensive laboratory and f ie ld testing.

5. The economics of , t hePCuse .of roofing wastes needs t o be

determined a t several specific locat ions i n t h e United

States.

AcKNcwTsx;EMEETT

This research s tudy was performed under a subcontract admin-

i s t e r ed by the Manville Service Corporation i n conjunction w i t h

Contract DEdC07-85l.D-12560 funded by the United States Department of

Energy. The authors would like t o thank the Manville Service Corpora-

t i on , and espec ia l ly Mr. P h i l Shepherd, fo r t h e i r technical a s s i s -

tance.

G. PAULSEN

REFERENCES

PAGE 17

1. Desai, S., Graziano, G., and Shepherd, P., "Recovery and Reuse of \

Asphalt Roofing Waste, De-ACO7-82CE-40558, February 2, 1984, p. 2.

2. Gallaway, B.M., Epps, J.A., and Ledbetter, W.B., "Feasibixity of Using Highway Litter i n Highway Construction and Maintenance," report prepared fo r FHWA by Texas Transportation I n s t i t u t e , December 197 1.

3. Ledbetter, W.B., Gallaway,, B.M., and Epps, J.A., "Highway Litter Should Pay Its Own Way," American road Builder, Vol. 49, 1972.

"Waste Materials, By-Products and Recycled Products," Transprta- t ion Research Board, special Report 166, 1976.

4.

5. Epps, J.A., "Recycling Materials f o r Highways," NCHW Synthesis 54, Noverrber 1976.

6. Epps, et al., "Guidelines for Recycling Asphalt Pavements," AAFll, Vole 49, 1980.

User- 7. Epps, J A and Gallaway, B.M., Proceed- &ghU - R d h x produca COnference, May 1980.

8. Wwpf &a)&&, 1985, ASIM Vol. 04.03.

9. Method3 far Concretb The Asphalt Institute, MS-2, 1984 edition.

10. Paulsen, G.L., Stroup-Gardiner, M., and Epps, J.A., "Roofing Waste i n Asphalt Paving Mixtures," &port 709-5, Center f o r Construction Materials Research, University of Nevada-Reno, November 1985.

11. Epps, J.A. and Paulsen, G.L., "Use of Roofing Wastes i n Asphalt Paving Mixtures - Economic Consideration," 709-2, Center f o r Construction Materials Research, University of Nevada-Reno, February 1986.

G. PAULSEN

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title 1

2 Physical Properties of Binders

3 Aggregate Properties

4 Roofing Waste Properties

Test Matrix for Mixture Testing Program

5 Recovered Roofing Waste Asphalt Cement Properties (Method 2)

PAGE 18

>. E!!x 19

20

20

21

21

Table 1: Test Matrix for Mixture Testing Program

Type of Roofing

Waste

-------- 1" minus &w Jersey

-- -- V4" minus ikw Jersey

------- V4" minus ikvada

-- 1" minus levada

Quantity of RA-5 ----- I

Waste, % Quantity of by Volume Added Binder, %

by Weight

3 4 5 ---------I--

.----- ----I_----

lo

20

30

Table 2: Physical Properties of Binders

/l??yh Point, C.O.C.

PAGE 20

-

Penetration, 77% 54 I 100 g/5 sec (0.1 rmn)

ific Gravity

2180 P t 270 cst Viscosity, 140%'

I Viscosity, 2759

0.98-1.02

Ductility, 7- 5 c"in

r 9

C'OARSE

Bulk Specific Gravity 2.490

Bulk Specific Gravity (S93 2 . 564 Apparent Specific Gravity 2.689

Absorption (Percent) 2.971

FINE

Bulk Specific Gravity 2.454

Bulk Specific Gravity (SED) 2.557

Apparent Specific Gravity 2.708

Absorption (Percent) 3.820

I loo + I- ,

I

R & B Soften- Point

t I I

I

260 cst I 8000 cSt

13 cSt 60 cst

I I 450

400 min.

~~

0.98-1.02 1 0.98-1.02 I

Table 3: Aggregate Properties

PAGE 21

Dallas/ Fort Worth

TeXaS

G . TALILSEN

~ ~

Oakbrook Illinois

1.26

39.1

1.36

33.2

~

Dallas/ Fort Worth

TeXaS

Oakbrook 111 inois

SaMMah Georgia

~~

11

5

3

Table 4: Roof h g Wastes Properties

sa- Georgia

Proprty Reno Nevada

New Jerseh -

Apparent Specific Gravity*

1.37 1.28 1.13

Asphalt Content+ (Method 11

37.2 35.4 37.6

* prior to extraction

+ % by total weight of waste

Table 5: Recovered Roof- Waste Asphalt Cement Properties (Method 21

100 g/5 sec E SCURCE (0.1 “I

P-ION 77%

100 g/5 sec (0.1 “1

VImsITY 275%’ (cSt . 1

PVN

-2 . 97 189 27 52 Reno Nevada

24 2,630 0.73 149,000

-* 12 3,880 5.53 ~

2.68 7 -* 53,100 ~~

31,500 ~

2.67 11 Jersey New I 4 -*

*Recovered asphalt c m t viscosity exceeded available tube ranges.

G. PAULSEN PAGE 2 2

LIST OF FIGURES

Fisure T i t l e

1

2

Test Sequence for Defining Properties of Roofing Wastes

Test sequence for Defining Properties of Asphalt Concrete Containing Roofing Waste

3 Test Program as Identified on Table 1

4 Viscosity Versus Temperature Relationships of Test Program Binders

5 Aggregate Grding Curve a d Mx)T Specification

6 Roofing Waste Grading Curves of 1-inch Material Before Extraction

7 Roofing Waste Grading Curves of 1-inch Material After Extraction

8 Roofing Waste Grading Curves of U4-inch Material Before Extraction

9 Roofing Waste Grading Curves of l/4-inch Material After Extraction

10 Effect of Roofing Waste Type - Preliminary Testing

11 Effect of Added Binder Content - New Jersey Roofing Waste/RA-5

1 2 Effect of Mded Binder Content - New Jersey Roofing Waste/RA-5

13 Effect of Mded Binder Content - New Jersey Roofing Waste/RA-75

14 Effect of Mded Binder Content - New Jersey Roofing WastehA-75

15 Effect of Mded Binder Content - New Jersey Roofing Waste/AR4000

16 Effect of Added Binder Content - New Jersey Roofing Waste/AR4000

17 Effect of Mded Binder Content - Nevada Roofing Waste/RA-75

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

G. PAULSEN

,

18 Effect of Added Binder Content - Nevada Roofing Waste/RA-75 40

Effect of Roofing Waste Quantity- New Jersey Roofing Waste/RA-75 4 1

\ 19

20 E f f e c t of Roofing Waste Quantity- New Jersey Roofing ~aste/M-75

Effect of Roofing Waste Quantity- Nevada Roofing Waste/RA-75

2 1

22 Effect of Roofing Waste Quantity- Nevada Roof Waste/RA-75

42

43

44

Figure 1: Test Sequence for Defining Properties of Roofing Wastes

--I_

Preliminary tests to evaluate type

Figure 2: Test Sequence for Defining Properties of Asphalt Concrete Containing Roofing Waste

1 "

------ M i x & Mold/-

Asphalt specific Concrete Gravity Samples - D2726 -- D1559*

6 Samples ----- 6 Sanples ----- ------- ----I_-

* Refers to ASI'M Test "hers.

Figure 3: Test Program as Identified on Table 1

G. PAULSEN PAGE 26

1 I I I I

0 0 0 0 0 0 0- +- - i - -

H W

m E rD L cs, 0 t a. -w cn aa k- Y- O

cn n .r(

GI

100

80

60

PERCENT PASSING

40

20

0 1 I I I I I 1 I

50 30 16 8 4 318 3/4 200 io0

SIEVE SIZE

FIGURE 5 : Aggregate Grading Curve and NDOT S p e c i f i c a t i o n

N 4

G. PAULSEN

0 OD 0 0

Lo cf 0 cu C

-3. '1 m

OD 1 m

cf

OD

Lo

0 m

0 In

0 0 .r(

3 3 N

PAGE 28

W 0 N H v)

al ffl > c W =I > u

U J c W H cn

'..

PERCENT PASSING

100

80

60

40

20

0

I I

I I I I I I I

200

FIGURE

100 50

7 : Roofing Waste

30 16

SIEVE SIZE

Grading Curves o f

8 4

1-inch Material

3 j 8

After

3/4

Extract i on z c, m N W

PERCENT PASSING

60 8ol SIEVE SIZE

+ NV

* TX

-8- I L

Jt GA

- NJ

FIGURE 8 : Roofing Waste Grading Curves of 1/4-inch M a t e r i a l Before E x t r a c t i o n

/

W 0

G. PAL’LSEX

W N H v)

W w W H cn

PAGE 31

Y- O 0 a .. m W

x c3 H LL

a

80

60

40

20

0

75 2% RA-5 30% - 1/4" ROOFING WASTE

29

16 18

T

FIGURE 10 : Effect o f Roofing Waste Type - Preliminary Testing

/ I

c)

58

MR @ 77F ( X 10 k s i )

I N . TENS. ( X 10 psi)

A I R VOIDS ( % I

80

60

40

20

0.

20% - NJ ROOFING WASTE

4% RA-5 @ 5% RA-5

CTRL

58

18

MR @ 77F ( X 10 ksi)

I N . TENS. ( X 10 p s i )

A I R VOIDS ( % I

. FIGURE 11 : E f f e c t o f Added B inder Content - NJ Roo f ing Waste / RA-5 Crl

40 1

30

20

10

0

37 c-----l

20% - NJ ROOFING WASTE

20 20

25

m H H

11

17

T

HVEEM MARSHALL FLOW ( S I ( X 100 lbs.) (1/100 i n c h )

'I

e3 3% RA-5 m.4% RA-5

5% RA-5 I' CTRL

4 4

AIR VOIDS ( %.

w FIGURE 12 : E f f e c t o f Added B inder Content - NJ Roo f ing Waste / RA-5

W 4

80

60

40

20

0

58

U

20% - NJ ROOFING WASTE

3% RA-75 a 4% RA-75

5% RA-75 CTRL

18

MR @ 77F ( X 10 k s i )

IN. TENS. ( X 10 psi)

AIR VOIDS ( % I

FIGURE 13 : E f f e c t o f Added Binder Content - NJ Roofing Waste / RA-75

tl

r m v,

Z

Gl

30 41 37 20% NJ ROOFING WASTE

20

10

0

FIGURE 14 : E f f e c t o f Added Binder Content - NJ Roofing Waste / RA-75 : GI M

ec

60

40

20

0

4% AR4000 5% AR4000 6% AR4000 CTRL

20% - NJ ROOFING WASTE

58

A 9 45

T

MR @ 77F ( X 10 ksi)

IN. TENS. ( X I O psi)

18 15 15 15 1-1

4.5 4

AIR VOIDS ( % I

-1

FIGURE 15 : E f f e c t o f Added Binder Content - NJ Roofing Waste / AR4000 w P GI M

40

30

20

10

0

36 w 37 20% - NV ROOFING WASTE

H

HVEEM ( S I

23

19 m 17 17

MARSHALL ( X 100 l b s . )

3% RA-75 4% RA-75 5% RA-75 CTRL

6.5

7

FLOW A I R VOIDS (1/100 inch) ( % I

FIGURE 18 : E f f e c t o f Added Binder Content - NV Roofing Waste / RA-75

n

PAGE 41

r

I Q a

cn 0

co

t

CT- < W

I 1 I I

v, z W t-

7 H

h

-4 cn

0

X

n

d

Y

h

0 0 0 0 0 m CD cu

PAGE 4 2

r

I < U

I 7'7 -3

CT- < H

cn 0 H h 0 >be

L

I

0 u- a

0 m I

0 (u

I

4 0

7 0

m I-- I

O 0 a

0 a ce 0

-c, u aJ Y- Y- W

.. 0 cu W

23 c3 a H L L

PAGE 4 3

-m

Lo b

I

In

R a- a c-l

A

.d

W I - 0

7%

M

v H

\

aJ +J

O 0 U Y- O

Y- w .. d cu W

3 c3 H LL

a

40

30

20

10

0

37 4% RA-75

4 7 4 7 17

21

T

10% NV 20% NV 30% NV CTRL

1 T

HVEEM MARSHALL FLOW A I R VOIDS ( S I ( X 100 l b s . ) (1/100 i n c h ) ( % I

FIGURE 22 : E f f e c t o f Roo f ing Waste Quantity - NV Roof ing Waste / RA-75