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Role of Hydrogen for Cameroon:Phase 2 Scale Up by Year 2020
Team Simple Green
February 9, 2009
Overview
• Background on Cameroon• Review phase 1 assessment: Bakang Village• Current energy flow• Scale up energy & water access
– Phase 2, year 2020
• Distributed systems• Centralized/Grid• Cost comparison• Policy challenges• Conclusions
1 http://beta.wfp.org/content/country-programme-cameroon-2008-20122 http://www.who.int/3by5/support/june2005_cmr.pdf3 http://copland.udel.edu/stu-org/ewb/projects/cameroon/downloads/files/507_Post_Assessment.pdf4 http://www.inshp.org/conclusion/apr2006/The%20Participation%20of%20Civil%20Sociiety%20in%20Hydropower%20Development%20in%20Cameroon.pdf
Cameroon Background
• 18 million population
• UN Human Development Report:1
– Ranked 144th of 177 countries– 40% population: wages < $1/day– 18% of children <5yrs are underweight
• Emerging AIDs epidemic: ~810,0002
• Outbreaks of water-borne diseases3
– 50% of people with to potable water4
1 http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-01-29-voa3.cfm2 http://aida.developmentgateway.org/aida/SearchDo.do?sourcePage=countrySector&iso3=CMR&archive=0§or=56003 http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/hipc.htm
Cameroon Background
• Government corruption issues 1
– Political dissent faces extrajudicial execution, arbitrary arrest,
torture, and unlawful detention
– Freedom of the press significantly restricted
– Political unrest & rioting in 2008, 100 people killed in a protest
• Debt forgiveness & development 2
– Working for removal from Heavily Indebted Poor Countries list 3
• Energy poverty
– 5% of rural population with electricity
Review Phase 1: Bakang Village
• Role of hydrogen in bring water to Bakang Village: off-grid– 15 L potable water/villager/day– UD Engineers Without Boarders currently getting
back from on-site PV installation for water pump
• Analysis Compared:– Solar > Pump > Water Storage– Solar > Electrolysis > H2 Storage > Fuel Cell >
Pump > Water Storage
Phase 1 Conclusions
• Determined from the analysis: – # of wells, cost to drill wells, and well output (gal/min) are primary
factors– Solar & Solar-Hydrogen scale similar
– Post-analysis: Solar- battery = least costly when population > 2200
Phase 2 Objectives• Explore year 2020 hydrogen scenarios for Cameroon
– Provide safe drinking water– Provide minimum electricity for rural population
• Examine grid vs off-grid system• Characterize the policy challenges
Current Energy Flows
Direct SolarWater Wells
• ~14 Wells/village• Pumping limited to 3 hrs/day• Water must be stored for later use• Many more solar cells needed• Since direct solarCFL light bulb unnecessary during daytime,
– we will not consider this path
Decentralized Solar ArrayWater Well
Well CostSolar Panel
Cost Total Cost
$597.9 million $86.3 million $684.2 million
#1
SolarBatteriesApplicationDecentralized Solar Array
Li-ion Battery Water Well
Well ($16k ea.)1 or Bulb ($4 ea.)2 Cost
Battery Cost ($200/kWh)3
Solar Panel Cost ($4.81/W)4 Total Cost
Water Well $82.0 million $8.7 million $95.9 million $186.6 million
Light Bulb $5.8 million $32 million $350.5 million $388.2 million
20WCFL
or
• Water wells– ~14 Wells/village
– Pumping limited to 3 hrs/day
– Many solar cells needed
• Light bulb– 1 light bulb/household
– 5 hours/day
– Many solar cells needed
1 Engineers without Borders, http://copland.udel.edu/stu-org/ewb/2 www.compactfluorescentusa.com3 Team Banana4 www.solarbuzz.com
#2
SolarH2ApplicationDecentralized Solar Array
HydrogenWater Well
Well or Bulb Cost
SOFC Cost ($3.62/W)1
H2 Storage Cost ($90/kg)2
Electrolyzers Cost ($23k ea.)3
Solar Thermal Cost ($3.32/W)4 Total Cost
Water Well $82.0 million $8.9 million $128,000 $50.7 million $288.7 million $430.2 million
Light Bulb $5.8 million $156.2 million $465,000 $185.2 million $1.1 billion $1.4 billion
• Water wells– 2 Wells/village– 24-hour pumping
– Need to store H2 onsite
• Light bulb– 1 light bulb/household– 5 hours/day
– Need to store H2 onsite
20W CFL
or
1 Team Sun2 http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/34851.pdf3 www.hgenerators.com4 Center for Global Development, Desert Power: The Economics of Solar Thermal Electricity for Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, Kevin Ummel and David Wheeler
#3
20062006 20202020
• Hydropower (95%)1
• Petroleum – Diesel
Generators (5%)1
• Hydropower (57%)
• Solar/Solar Thermal(23%)
• Natural Gas (20%)+ Petroleum for Transportation (100%) + Petroleum for Transportation (100%)
1 Global Village Cameroon, http://www.inshp.org/conclusion/apr2006/The%20Participation%20of%20Civil%20Sociiety%20in%20Hydropower%20Development%20in%20Cameroon.pdf
Centralized Transition
0 MW + 2358 GWh2 = 2358 GWh
0 MW + 390 MW = 390 MW
722 MW1 + 563 MW1 = 1285 MW
Increase in Hydropower by 78% • Initiated by government and Canadian company, ALUCAM, to power new industrial and urban growth1
Build Solar Thermal Plant in Desert to Convert Solar to Hydrogen + Hydrogen/Natural Gas Pipelines to Villages + Fuel Cell and Local Grid connecting Houses and Water Pumps
Use Existing Natural Gas Reserves2 to:• While Transitioning to Hydrogen Using Same Pipelines• Back up Electricity Generation in Case of Draught, Power Failure
1 Global Village Cameroon, http://www.inshp.org/conclusion/apr2006/The%20Participation%20of%20Civil%20Sociiety%20in%20Hydropower%20Development%20in%20Cameroon.pdf2 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html
Centralized Electricity in 2020
Solar ThermalBatteriesApplication
Li-ion BatteryWater WellCentralized Solar Thermal
Well or Bulb Cost Battery Cost
Solar Thermal Cost
Power Lines Cost ($1 mil/mile)1 Total Cost
Water Well $82.0 million $8.7 million $117.3 million $1.9 billion $2.1 billion
Light Bulb $5.8 million $32.0 million $429 million $1.9 billion $2.3 billion
• Water wells– 2 Wells/village– 24-hour pumping– Need transmission lines
• Light bulb– 20W CFL bulb– 1 light bulb/household– 5 hours/day– Need transmission lines1 Team Banana
20W CFL
or
#4
Solar ThermalH2Application
Water WellCentralized Solar Thermal Hydrogen 20W CFL
or
Well or Bulb Cost SOFC Cost
H2 Pipeline Cost
Electrolyzers Cost1
Solar Thermal Cost Total Cost
Water Well $82.0 million $8.9 million $936.3 million $6.5 million $245.4 million $1.3 billion
Light Bulb $5.8 million $156.2 million $936.3 million $20 million $789.4 million $1.9 billion
• Water wells– Centralized electrolyzers
– 2 Wells/village
– 24-hour pumping
– Need hydrogen pipelines
• Light bulb– Centralized electrolyzers
– 1 light bulb/household
– 5 hours/day
– Need hydrogen pipelines
1 www.hgenerators.com, 2x$3.24 million/electrolyzer (water well cost), 5x$3.99 million/electrolyzer (light bulb cost)
#5
Electrolysis
Sun
Fuel Cell
= 70%
= 70%
H2 Storage
= 79%
= 15%
HVDC
Sun
= 60%
= 90%
Battery
= 75%
Electrolysis
Fuel Cell
Sun
Storage
= 70%
= 79%
Pipeline
= 99%
= 70%
Battery
Sun
= 90%
END USE END USE END USE END USE
PV Battery PV H2 Solar ThermalBattery
Solar Thermal H2
= 15%
13.5% 5.8% 40.5% 22.9%
= 60%
Energy Efficiency Paths
2020 Cost Summary
Cost and path depends on whether centralized or
decentralized system is desired
WATER WELLS
Decentralized Solar Panels Total CostSolar-->Batteries-->Water Wells $186.6 million
Direct Solar-->Water Wells $684.2 million Solar-->H2-->Water Wells $430.2 million
Centralized Solar ThermalSolar Thermal-->Batteries-->Water Wells $2.08 billion
Solar Thermal-->H2 pipe-->Water Wells $1.28 billion
LIGHT BULB (20W CFL)
Decentralized Solar PanelsSolar Thermal-->Batteries-->Light Bulb $388.2 million Solar Thermal-->H2-->Light Bulb $1.40 billion
Centralized Solar ThermalSolar Thermal-->Batteries-->Light Bulb $2.34 billion Solar Thermal-->H2 pipe-->Light Bulb $1.91 billion
2020 Recommendations
Decentralized System Total Cost
Solar-->Batteries-->Application $574.8 million
Solar-->H2 pipe-->Application $1.83 billion
Centralized System Total Cost
Solar Thermal-->Batteries-->Application $2.55 billion
Solar Thermal-->H2 pipe-->Application $2.25 billion
Lowest CostVillage autonomy
Lowest Costx10 H2 scale available
Policy Challenges
• Funding?– Africa Development Bank 1
– UN Clean Development Mechanism 2
• Overcoming government corruption – Need access, transparency and accountability– Distributed solar PV for water pumping allows rural
autonomy
• Major disruptors: – Climate Change and desertification– Region stability (Chad, Nigeria, Central African
Republic, Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea)
1 http://www.afdb.org/en/countries/central-africa/cameroon/2 http://cdm.unfccc.int/index.html
Conclusions
• Off-grid distributed solar-battery system for pumping water & electrification is the cheapest and offers village autonomy.
• Centralized hydrogen offers a cost effective infrastructure compared to an electrical grid, but is 4x more expensive than off-grid
Thank You!
• Thank you to IGERT, Dr. Opila, Dr. Watson, Mo Bremner, & Meghan Schulz and our other colleagues that worked hard to make this course enjoyable!
• Team Simple Green:– Laura Cassels, John Bedenbaugh, Beth
Cheney, Jeremiah Couey, Erik Koepf
Back Up
2020 Centralized Energy Flow
Wind Power• Class 1 and 2 wind only1
• Only Class 3+ practical2• Wind not viable power source in Cameroon
Solar Power• 4.81 kWh/m2 per day in Bakang area1
• Not subject to fossil fuel availability/prices• Environmental impact less drastic
1 http://na.unep.net/swera_ims/map2/# 2 http://www.michigan.gov/documents/dleg/s_offshore_potential9-29FINAL_2__255935_7.pdf
Wind & Solar Viability
1 UN-Habitat, http://ww2.unhabitat.org/habrdd/conditions/midafrica/cameroon.htm2 CIA World Factbook, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html
2006 2020Population1
- Urban - Rural
17,340,000 - 9,141,000 (53%) - 8,199,000 (47%)
25,468,000 - 15,671,000 (62%) - 9,797,000 (38%)
Electricity Usage - Residential - Commercial - Industrial
3.375 TWh - 0.831 TWh (25%)
- 0.764 TWh (22%) - 1.780 TWh (53%)
7.647 TWh - 2.450 TWh (32%) - 1.558 TWh (20%) - 3.639 TWh (48%)
Energy Increase due to:• Population Growth (~2.56%/year)1
• Urbanization (~3.6%/year)1
• Industrialization (~3.5%, mostly by foreign companies)2
• Power to every urban household + Light bulb for every rural household• Clean water for every village
Electricity Needs
1http://www.inshp.org/conclusion/apr2006/The%20Participation%20of%20Civil%20Sociiety%20in%20Hydropower%20Development%20in%20Cameroon.pdf2 http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2041318 3 http://maps.google.com/4 http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn70465 http://www.ieahydro.org/faq.htm#a5Image: http://www.npower-renewables.com/kielder/index.asp
Hydro Power• 95% of Cameroon’s electricity already supplied from Hydro1
• Possible generation of hydrogen from hydropower and transport (trucks) to villages
Pros Cons
Reliable, Proven, Efficient Very high initial costs + cost of transporting hydrogen
Payback time 8-9 years2 Susceptible to droughts and sedimentation1
Dam already built ~25 miles away3
Damaging to environment and wild life5
Could be GHG emissions free5
Could produce dangerous methane and CO2 gases4
Could provide H2 to many villages
Finite lifetime (50-60 years) with a BIG mess to clean up
Low Operation and Maintenance costs5
Centralization gives opportunity for corrupt interferences and/or taxes1
Hydroelectric Energy
Fuel Cell Comparisons
PAFC PEM MCFC SOFC AFC DMFC
ElectrolyteLiquid Phosphoric Acid
Ion Exchange membrane(solid polymer)
Liquid Molten Carbonate Ceramic
Potassium Hydroxide
Potassium Hydroxide
Catalyst Platinum Platinum Nickel PerovskitesPlatinum/Palladium
Platinum/Ruthenium
Cell Operating Temperature (oC) 205
Room temp. to 80oC 650800-1000
Room temp. to 80oC
Room temp. to 70oC
Electrical System Efficiency(% LHV) 36-45 32-40 43-55 43-55 50-60 >50Applications:Cogeneration * * * * *Utility Power * * * *
Distributed Power * * * * *
Utility Repowering * * * *Passenger Vehicles * * *Heavy Duty Vehicles * * * * *Portable Power * * *Specialty Power * * *
1 Energy Information Administration, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/co2_report/co2report.html2 International Riveres, http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/dirtyhydro_final_lorez.pdf
2006 2020Electricity from Petroleum - CO2 Emissions (1.969 lbs/kWh1)
235 GWh - 462,715,000 lbs
755 GWh - 1,486,595,000 lbs
Electricity from Hydropower - CO2-equivalent Emissions (up to 4.5 lbs/kWh2)
3719 GWh - 16,735,500,000 lbs
6619 GWh - 29,785,500,000 lbs
Electricity from Natural Gas - CO2 Emissions (1.321 lbs/kWh1)
0 - 0 lbs
2358 GWh - 3,114,918,000 lbs
Electricity from Solar Thermal - CO2 Emissions (0 lbs/kWh)
0 - 0 lbs
2628 GWh - 0 lbs
Total Electricity Generation - Total CO2 Emissions - CO2 Emissions per Capita
3954 GWh - 17,198,215,000 lbs CO2
- 2.72 lbs CO2e per day
12360 GWh - 34,387,013,000 lbs CO2
- 3.70 lbs CO2e per day
GHG Emissions
1 International Rivers, http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/dirtyhydro_final_lorez.pdf
GHG Emissions
Sources for cost analysis
Constants Efficiencies Rural population 9307150 SOFC 70%People per household 6.47 Transmission Line 94%Number of households 1438509 Battery 90%L water/person/day 15 Solar Thermal 60%
Well cost $ 16,000.00 Hydrogen pressurization efficiency 80%Pump, W 320 Battery cost, $/Wh 0.2
Solar price, $/W $ 4.81 (solarbuzz.com)
SOFC Cost, $/W $ 3.62 (Team Sun)
Solar thermal cost, $/W $ 3.32 (Erik)
Cost of power lines/mile $ 1,000,000.00 (Team Banana)
Cost of hydrogen pipeline/mile $ 500,000.00 (Team Banana) Miles of grid 1872.5 CFL wattage 20
CFL cost $ 4.00 CFL hourly usage per day 5
Cost H2/kg $ 90.00 (NREL)
Trivial costsStoring/buying waterStoring H2 (decentralized)Wiring on local grids
Phase 1: Cost Comparison
The cost of drilling a well dominates analysis. Gallons per minute limted on wells, therefore store solar energy during the day. Battery storage wins over hydrogen storage due to higher energy conversion efficiency and thus less required PV installation, in addition to lower cost per unit of energy storage.
Options to Pump Water
Solar Array Electrolyzer
H2 gas
PEM Fuel Cell
H2O
H2 Storage
Water Pump + Filtration
H2 gas
Water Pump + Filtration
H2O H2O
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