Role of Hydrogen for Cameroon:Phase 2 Scale Up by Year 2020

Team Simple Green

February 9, 2009

Overview

• Background on Cameroon• Review phase 1 assessment: Bakang Village• Current energy flow• Scale up energy & water access

– Phase 2, year 2020

• Distributed systems• Centralized/Grid• Cost comparison• Policy challenges• Conclusions

1 http://beta.wfp.org/content/country-programme-cameroon-2008-20122 http://www.who.int/3by5/support/june2005_cmr.pdf3 http://copland.udel.edu/stu-org/ewb/projects/cameroon/downloads/files/507_Post_Assessment.pdf4 http://www.inshp.org/conclusion/apr2006/The%20Participation%20of%20Civil%20Sociiety%20in%20Hydropower%20Development%20in%20Cameroon.pdf

Cameroon Background

• 18 million population

• UN Human Development Report:1

– Ranked 144th of 177 countries– 40% population: wages < $1/day– 18% of children <5yrs are underweight

• Emerging AIDs epidemic: ~810,0002

• Outbreaks of water-borne diseases3

– 50% of people with to potable water4

1 http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-01-29-voa3.cfm2 http://aida.developmentgateway.org/aida/SearchDo.do?sourcePage=countrySector&iso3=CMR&archive=0&sector=56003 http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/hipc.htm

Cameroon Background

• Government corruption issues 1

– Political dissent faces extrajudicial execution, arbitrary arrest,

torture, and unlawful detention

– Freedom of the press significantly restricted

– Political unrest & rioting in 2008, 100 people killed in a protest

• Debt forgiveness & development 2

– Working for removal from Heavily Indebted Poor Countries list 3

• Energy poverty

– 5% of rural population with electricity

Review Phase 1: Bakang Village

• Role of hydrogen in bring water to Bakang Village: off-grid– 15 L potable water/villager/day– UD Engineers Without Boarders currently getting

back from on-site PV installation for water pump

• Analysis Compared:– Solar > Pump > Water Storage– Solar > Electrolysis > H2 Storage > Fuel Cell >

Pump > Water Storage

Phase 1 Conclusions

• Determined from the analysis: – # of wells, cost to drill wells, and well output (gal/min) are primary

factors– Solar & Solar-Hydrogen scale similar

– Post-analysis: Solar- battery = least costly when population > 2200

Phase 2 Objectives• Explore year 2020 hydrogen scenarios for Cameroon

– Provide safe drinking water– Provide minimum electricity for rural population

• Examine grid vs off-grid system• Characterize the policy challenges

Current Energy Flows

Direct SolarWater Wells

• ~14 Wells/village• Pumping limited to 3 hrs/day• Water must be stored for later use• Many more solar cells needed• Since direct solarCFL light bulb unnecessary during daytime,

– we will not consider this path

Decentralized Solar ArrayWater Well

Well CostSolar Panel

Cost Total Cost

$597.9 million $86.3 million $684.2 million

#1

SolarBatteriesApplicationDecentralized Solar Array

Li-ion Battery Water Well

Well ($16k ea.)1 or Bulb ($4 ea.)2 Cost

Battery Cost ($200/kWh)3

Solar Panel Cost ($4.81/W)4 Total Cost

Water Well $82.0 million $8.7 million $95.9 million $186.6 million

Light Bulb $5.8 million $32 million $350.5 million $388.2 million

20WCFL

or

• Water wells– ~14 Wells/village

– Pumping limited to 3 hrs/day

– Many solar cells needed

• Light bulb– 1 light bulb/household

– 5 hours/day

– Many solar cells needed

1 Engineers without Borders, http://copland.udel.edu/stu-org/ewb/2 www.compactfluorescentusa.com3 Team Banana4 www.solarbuzz.com

#2

SolarH2ApplicationDecentralized Solar Array

HydrogenWater Well

Well or Bulb Cost

SOFC Cost ($3.62/W)1

H2 Storage Cost ($90/kg)2

Electrolyzers Cost ($23k ea.)3

Solar Thermal Cost ($3.32/W)4 Total Cost

Water Well $82.0 million $8.9 million $128,000 $50.7 million $288.7 million $430.2 million

Light Bulb $5.8 million $156.2 million $465,000 $185.2 million $1.1 billion $1.4 billion

• Water wells– 2 Wells/village– 24-hour pumping

– Need to store H2 onsite

• Light bulb– 1 light bulb/household– 5 hours/day

– Need to store H2 onsite

20W CFL

or

1 Team Sun2 http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/34851.pdf3 www.hgenerators.com4 Center for Global Development, Desert Power: The Economics of Solar Thermal Electricity for Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, Kevin Ummel and David Wheeler

#3

20062006 20202020

• Hydropower (95%)1

• Petroleum – Diesel

Generators (5%)1

• Hydropower (57%)

• Solar/Solar Thermal(23%)

• Natural Gas (20%)+ Petroleum for Transportation (100%) + Petroleum for Transportation (100%)

1 Global Village Cameroon, http://www.inshp.org/conclusion/apr2006/The%20Participation%20of%20Civil%20Sociiety%20in%20Hydropower%20Development%20in%20Cameroon.pdf

Centralized Transition

0 MW + 2358 GWh2 = 2358 GWh

0 MW + 390 MW = 390 MW

722 MW1 + 563 MW1 = 1285 MW

Increase in Hydropower by 78% • Initiated by government and Canadian company, ALUCAM, to power new industrial and urban growth1

Build Solar Thermal Plant in Desert to Convert Solar to Hydrogen + Hydrogen/Natural Gas Pipelines to Villages + Fuel Cell and Local Grid connecting Houses and Water Pumps

Use Existing Natural Gas Reserves2 to:• While Transitioning to Hydrogen Using Same Pipelines• Back up Electricity Generation in Case of Draught, Power Failure

1 Global Village Cameroon, http://www.inshp.org/conclusion/apr2006/The%20Participation%20of%20Civil%20Sociiety%20in%20Hydropower%20Development%20in%20Cameroon.pdf2 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html

Centralized Electricity in 2020

Solar ThermalBatteriesApplication

Li-ion BatteryWater WellCentralized Solar Thermal

Well or Bulb Cost Battery Cost

Solar Thermal Cost

Power Lines Cost ($1 mil/mile)1 Total Cost

Water Well $82.0 million $8.7 million $117.3 million $1.9 billion $2.1 billion

Light Bulb $5.8 million $32.0 million $429 million $1.9 billion $2.3 billion

• Water wells– 2 Wells/village– 24-hour pumping– Need transmission lines

• Light bulb– 20W CFL bulb– 1 light bulb/household– 5 hours/day– Need transmission lines1 Team Banana

20W CFL

or

#4

Solar ThermalH2Application

Water WellCentralized Solar Thermal Hydrogen 20W CFL

or

Well or Bulb Cost SOFC Cost

H2 Pipeline Cost

Electrolyzers Cost1

Solar Thermal Cost Total Cost

Water Well $82.0 million $8.9 million $936.3 million $6.5 million $245.4 million $1.3 billion

Light Bulb $5.8 million $156.2 million $936.3 million $20 million $789.4 million $1.9 billion

• Water wells– Centralized electrolyzers

– 2 Wells/village

– 24-hour pumping

– Need hydrogen pipelines

• Light bulb– Centralized electrolyzers

– 1 light bulb/household

– 5 hours/day

– Need hydrogen pipelines

1 www.hgenerators.com, 2x$3.24 million/electrolyzer (water well cost), 5x$3.99 million/electrolyzer (light bulb cost)

#5

Electrolysis

Sun

Fuel Cell

= 70%

= 70%

H2 Storage

= 79%

= 15%

HVDC

Sun

= 60%

= 90%

Battery

= 75%

Electrolysis

Fuel Cell

Sun

Storage

= 70%

= 79%

Pipeline

= 99%

= 70%

Battery

Sun

= 90%

END USE END USE END USE END USE

PV Battery PV H2 Solar ThermalBattery

Solar Thermal H2

= 15%

13.5% 5.8% 40.5% 22.9%

= 60%

Energy Efficiency Paths

2020 Cost Summary

Cost and path depends on whether centralized or

decentralized system is desired

WATER WELLS

Decentralized Solar Panels Total CostSolar-->Batteries-->Water Wells $186.6 million

Direct Solar-->Water Wells $684.2 million Solar-->H2-->Water Wells $430.2 million

Centralized Solar ThermalSolar Thermal-->Batteries-->Water Wells $2.08 billion

Solar Thermal-->H2 pipe-->Water Wells $1.28 billion

LIGHT BULB (20W CFL)

Decentralized Solar PanelsSolar Thermal-->Batteries-->Light Bulb $388.2 million Solar Thermal-->H2-->Light Bulb $1.40 billion

Centralized Solar ThermalSolar Thermal-->Batteries-->Light Bulb $2.34 billion Solar Thermal-->H2 pipe-->Light Bulb $1.91 billion

2020 Recommendations

Decentralized System Total Cost

Solar-->Batteries-->Application $574.8 million

Solar-->H2 pipe-->Application $1.83 billion

Centralized System Total Cost

Solar Thermal-->Batteries-->Application $2.55 billion

Solar Thermal-->H2 pipe-->Application $2.25 billion

Lowest CostVillage autonomy

Lowest Costx10 H2 scale available

Policy Challenges

• Funding?– Africa Development Bank 1

– UN Clean Development Mechanism 2

• Overcoming government corruption – Need access, transparency and accountability– Distributed solar PV for water pumping allows rural

autonomy

• Major disruptors: – Climate Change and desertification– Region stability (Chad, Nigeria, Central African

Republic, Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea)

1 http://www.afdb.org/en/countries/central-africa/cameroon/2 http://cdm.unfccc.int/index.html

Conclusions

• Off-grid distributed solar-battery system for pumping water & electrification is the cheapest and offers village autonomy.

• Centralized hydrogen offers a cost effective infrastructure compared to an electrical grid, but is 4x more expensive than off-grid

Thank You!

• Thank you to IGERT, Dr. Opila, Dr. Watson, Mo Bremner, & Meghan Schulz and our other colleagues that worked hard to make this course enjoyable!

• Team Simple Green:– Laura Cassels, John Bedenbaugh, Beth

Cheney, Jeremiah Couey, Erik Koepf

Back Up

2020 Centralized Energy Flow

Wind Power• Class 1 and 2 wind only1

• Only Class 3+ practical2• Wind not viable power source in Cameroon

Solar Power• 4.81 kWh/m2 per day in Bakang area1

• Not subject to fossil fuel availability/prices• Environmental impact less drastic

1 http://na.unep.net/swera_ims/map2/# 2 http://www.michigan.gov/documents/dleg/s_offshore_potential9-29FINAL_2__255935_7.pdf

Wind & Solar Viability

1 UN-Habitat, http://ww2.unhabitat.org/habrdd/conditions/midafrica/cameroon.htm2 CIA World Factbook, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html

2006 2020Population1

- Urban - Rural

17,340,000 - 9,141,000 (53%) - 8,199,000 (47%)

25,468,000 - 15,671,000 (62%) - 9,797,000 (38%)

Electricity Usage - Residential - Commercial - Industrial

3.375 TWh - 0.831 TWh (25%)

- 0.764 TWh (22%) - 1.780 TWh (53%)

7.647 TWh - 2.450 TWh (32%) - 1.558 TWh (20%) - 3.639 TWh (48%)

Energy Increase due to:• Population Growth (~2.56%/year)1

• Urbanization (~3.6%/year)1

• Industrialization (~3.5%, mostly by foreign companies)2

• Power to every urban household + Light bulb for every rural household• Clean water for every village

Electricity Needs

1http://www.inshp.org/conclusion/apr2006/The%20Participation%20of%20Civil%20Sociiety%20in%20Hydropower%20Development%20in%20Cameroon.pdf2 http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2041318 3 http://maps.google.com/4 http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn70465 http://www.ieahydro.org/faq.htm#a5Image: http://www.npower-renewables.com/kielder/index.asp

Hydro Power• 95% of Cameroon’s electricity already supplied from Hydro1

• Possible generation of hydrogen from hydropower and transport (trucks) to villages

Pros Cons

Reliable, Proven, Efficient Very high initial costs + cost of transporting hydrogen

Payback time 8-9 years2 Susceptible to droughts and sedimentation1

Dam already built ~25 miles away3

Damaging to environment and wild life5

Could be GHG emissions free5

Could produce dangerous methane and CO2 gases4

Could provide H2 to many villages

Finite lifetime (50-60 years) with a BIG mess to clean up

Low Operation and Maintenance costs5

Centralization gives opportunity for corrupt interferences and/or taxes1

Hydroelectric Energy

Fuel Cell Comparisons

PAFC PEM MCFC SOFC AFC DMFC

ElectrolyteLiquid Phosphoric Acid

Ion Exchange membrane(solid polymer)

Liquid Molten Carbonate Ceramic

Potassium Hydroxide

Potassium Hydroxide

Catalyst Platinum Platinum Nickel PerovskitesPlatinum/Palladium

Platinum/Ruthenium

Cell Operating Temperature (oC) 205

Room temp. to 80oC 650800-1000

Room temp. to 80oC

Room temp. to 70oC

Electrical System Efficiency(% LHV) 36-45 32-40 43-55 43-55 50-60 >50Applications:Cogeneration * * * * *Utility Power * * * *

Distributed Power * * * * *

Utility Repowering * * * *Passenger Vehicles * * *Heavy Duty Vehicles * * * * *Portable Power * * *Specialty Power * * *

1 Energy Information Administration, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/co2_report/co2report.html2 International Riveres, http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/dirtyhydro_final_lorez.pdf

2006 2020Electricity from Petroleum - CO2 Emissions (1.969 lbs/kWh1)

235 GWh - 462,715,000 lbs

755 GWh - 1,486,595,000 lbs

Electricity from Hydropower - CO2-equivalent Emissions (up to 4.5 lbs/kWh2)

3719 GWh - 16,735,500,000 lbs

6619 GWh - 29,785,500,000 lbs

Electricity from Natural Gas - CO2 Emissions (1.321 lbs/kWh1)

0 - 0 lbs

2358 GWh - 3,114,918,000 lbs

Electricity from Solar Thermal - CO2 Emissions (0 lbs/kWh)

0 - 0 lbs

2628 GWh - 0 lbs

Total Electricity Generation - Total CO2 Emissions - CO2 Emissions per Capita

3954 GWh - 17,198,215,000 lbs CO2

- 2.72 lbs CO2e per day

12360 GWh - 34,387,013,000 lbs CO2

- 3.70 lbs CO2e per day

GHG Emissions

1 International Rivers, http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/dirtyhydro_final_lorez.pdf

GHG Emissions

Sources for cost analysis

Constants Efficiencies Rural population 9307150 SOFC 70%People per household 6.47 Transmission Line 94%Number of households 1438509 Battery 90%L water/person/day 15 Solar Thermal 60%

Well cost $ 16,000.00 Hydrogen pressurization efficiency 80%Pump, W 320 Battery cost, $/Wh 0.2

Solar price, $/W $ 4.81 (solarbuzz.com)

SOFC Cost, $/W $ 3.62 (Team Sun)

Solar thermal cost, $/W $ 3.32 (Erik)

Cost of power lines/mile $ 1,000,000.00 (Team Banana)

Cost of hydrogen pipeline/mile $ 500,000.00 (Team Banana) Miles of grid 1872.5 CFL wattage 20

CFL cost $ 4.00 CFL hourly usage per day 5

Cost H2/kg $ 90.00 (NREL)

Trivial costsStoring/buying waterStoring H2 (decentralized)Wiring on local grids

Phase 1: Cost Comparison

The cost of drilling a well dominates analysis. Gallons per minute limted on wells, therefore store solar energy during the day. Battery storage wins over hydrogen storage due to higher energy conversion efficiency and thus less required PV installation, in addition to lower cost per unit of energy storage.

Options to Pump Water

Solar Array Electrolyzer

H2 gas

PEM Fuel Cell

H2O

H2 Storage

Water Pump + Filtration

H2 gas

Water Pump + Filtration

H2O H2O