View
220
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
12
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Maintaining soil fertility as well as sustainability of crop
production, by using different organic manures viz.,
vermicompost, greencompost, farmyard manure,
phosphocompost has attracted the farmers to replace the use of
chemical fertilizers.
Anburani et.al., 2003, reported that readily available nitrogen
from application of FYM and biofertilizer are the prime factor for
the increased fruit weight, length and girth in brinjal.
Ashwini, et.al., 2007, reported that application of organic
manure like vermicompost 500g with Phosphate Solubilizing
Bacteria 25g/pot recorded good growth of dahlia in respect to
height of plant, number of leaves/ plant.
Balakrishnan et.al., 2010, reported that yield parameter such as
number of pods, pod yield, shelling percentage, kernel weight,
fresh and dry weight were increased in compost treated field due
to the supply of essential nutrients by continuous mineralization
of organic manures.
The highest yield of soya bean was recorded with the application
of 7.5 t/ha FYM with half dose of recommended Nitrogen &
Phosphorus, according to Babhullkar et.al., (2000).
Barik and Goswami, 2003, studied the effect of biofertilizers with
Nitrogen levels on growth, productivity and economics of wheat.
13
Seed inoculation by Azospirillum and Azotobacter influenced the
growth attributes, yield attributes and yield of wheat.
Bayu, et.al., 2006, reported that application of FYM @ 5, 10, 15
t/ha has increased total nitrogen level, available Phosphorus,
exchangeable Potassium and organic carbon contents of the soil.
Significant increase in soil nitrogen content was observed with
FYM application.
Boopathi, et.al., 2010, reported that influence of organic and
inorganic sources for the cropping of sorghum+ redgram +
sunflower+ coriander with application of four organic manures
viz., FYM, biogasslurry, composted mushroom spent substrate,
fish pond silt, among these application of biogas slurry @ 5t/ha
enhanced productivity and soil fertility.
Chandrappa, et.al., 2010, reported that application of
Azospirillum with RDF of NPK produced significantly maximum
length of stalk, stalk girth in Anthurium cv.carmen. and
combined application of Azospirillum along with the
recommended dose of NPK recorded maximum plant height,
number of leaves and suckers per plant.
Chand and Somani, 2003, reported that highest seed yield,
stover yield, net returns, iron, Copper, Manganese and Zinc was
observed with the application of 10 t/ ha FYM along with
chemical fertilizers.
14
Davari and Sharma, 2010, reported that different combinations
of organic materials viz., FYM & wheat residue, biofertilizer and
vermicompost along with biofertilizers resulted in grain yields
by 51-58 per cent of basmati rice.
Deshmukh, et.al., 2010, reported that application of 5 t of FYM
in combination with 4 kg each Azotobacter and phosphate
solubilising bacteria resulted in increase in plant height, number
of branches per plant.
Desmukh, 2004, reported that application of RDF of NPK + 10 t
FYM/ha resulted in 19 per cent increased seed yield in soybean
than control.
Deshpande and Devasenapathy, 2011, studied the effect of
different organic sources of nutrients viz., green manure, FYM,
poultry manure and vermicompost. In situ incorporation of green
manure recorded higher values of growth parameters.
De Silva et.al., 2010, reported that organic compost from two
agro industrial wastes increased soil fertility and crop
productivity in wheat.
Dutta, et.al., 2011, reported that different treatments with
organic manures and biofertilizers significantly improved the soil
health, fruit quality, yield, leaf mineral and microbial population
of rhizosphere soil of litchi.
Ghanshyam, et.al., 2010, reported that application of
vermicompost significantly enhanced the total N, P and K uptake
15
in green gram crop over no organic manure. Residual effect of
both FYM and Vermicompost on yield attributes of wheat was
also significant without organic manure.
Ghosh et.al., 2003, studied the effect of different nutrient
combinations viz., 0, 75, 100 per cent Recommended Dose of
Fertilizer along with 75 per cent NPK+ FYM @ 5 t/ha , increased
yields of sorghum.
Ghuge, et.al., 2007, studied the effect of organic and inorganic
sources of nutrients on growth, yield and quality parameters of
cabbage through application of 50 per cent RDF + 50 per cent
vermicompost @2.5 t/ha.
Gopal and Kumutha, 2010, reported that combined inoculation
with Rhizobacteria, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Bacillus and
Pseudomonas along with 30 per cent panchkavya increased the
rhizosphere population at different stages of growth.
Gopinath and Mina, 2011, reported that application of FYM @10
t/ ha, poultry manure with vermi compost each @ 1.5 t/ha with
biofertilizers recorded significantly superior pod yields in garden
pea.
Hati et.al., 2001, reported that yield parameters in Sorghum due
to application of organics was attributed to the supply of
essential nutrients by continuous mineralization of organic
manures.
16
Hundekar et.al., 1997, reported that application of crop residues
or green manure @ 5 t/ha in combination with inorganic
fertilizers significantly increased the concentration of Nitrogen,
Phosphorus and Potassium contents of the sorghum plant over
applied fertilizers.
Jana and Talukdar, 2009, reported that dual inoculation with
phosphate solubilising bacteria and VAM increased Green chilli
fruit yield, residual soil fertility.
Janaki, 2003, reported that application of Phosphorus, SSP and
RP in combination with green manure gave higher productivity
in rice and after application of RP with green manure.
Jatav et.al., 2011, reported that seed inoculation with
Azotobacter and PSB in potato showed higher yields of tubers,
total tuber yield and nutrient uptake.
Application of sewage sludge @ 40t/ha along with 100 per cent
RDF has shown effective increase yield and quality of edible
parts in tomato and cabbage reported by Kavitha et.al. (2010).
Khan,et.al.,2009,reported that phosphorus solubilising bacteria
mainly Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Enterobacter were effective in
increasing the plant available P in soil growth and yield of crops.
Phosphorus solubilising bacteria has enormous potential for
increased fixed P in the soil.
17
Khanda and Mohapatra 2003, studied the uptake of N,P and K
increased progressively with the increase in rate of application of
FYM due to sustained availability of nutrients.
Kumawat and Jat, 2005, reported that application of organic
manure improved yield attributes of barley. Application of
vermicompost @ 4.5 t/ha resulted in highest grain yield over
without organic manure.
Lal, et.al., 2011, reported that application of vermicompost @
25kg/plant showed maximum number of fruits in litchi plant.
Lalita Kumari, 2010, reported that incorporation of green
manure (Vigna radiata) in soil increased soil nutrients and yield
in chilli.
Leithy, et.al., 2010, reported that use of peanut compost
increased plant fresh and dry weight of Geranium grown under
saline conditions. The highest values were recorded from half
dose of peanut compost along with biofertilizer application.
Mandal and Pal, 2009, reported that green manuring had
increased root length, root volume, root dry weight of rice.
Marimuthu et.al.,2003, recorded enhancement of yield
parameters due to soil application of organic manures enriched
bio-digested slurry and biofertilizer (phosphobacteria).
18
Meena, et.al., 2007, reported that significant higher grain yield ,
nutrient and protein content of maize were recorded through the
application of 1.5 t vermi compost /ha.
Meena,et.al., 2010, reported that FYM @ 5 t/hectare increased
higher seed yield of cotton.
Mohite., et.al., 2011, reported that the number of pods/ plant
and pod weight was influenced by the combined application of
organic manures and chemical fertilizers. Rhizobium inoculation
+ RDF recorded more number of pods per plant.
Mulani,et.al., 2008, reported that organic manures and
biofertilizers had influenced the growth, yield and quality of
bitter gourd.
Nag and Singha Roy, 2008, reported that vermicompost
application along with biofertilizers (Azotobacter & Phosphate
Solubilizing Bacteria) significantly enhanced yield of wheat.
Okur, et.al., 2006, reported that soil microbial biomass and
enzyme activity viz., protease, urease, phosphatase and
dehydrogenase activities were increased due to the application of
FYM and poultry manure. Poultry manure had a long term effect
on enzyme activity.
Pal, et.al., 2010, studied the effect of EDTA, FYM, Vermicompost
and bioinoculants on mercury contaminated soil. The study
revealed that FYM, vermicompost and bioinoculants significantly
19
increased Mercury content in soil by solubilising Mercury into
other fractions for availability in plants.
Panwar and Singh, 2003, reported that the seed inoculation with
Rhizobium and phosphate solubilising microorganism with 5 t of
FYM and 1.5 t of neem cake/hectare significantly increased pod
yield of Groundnut.
Patel,et.al., 2010, reported that different organic treatments has
significantly influenced the physico-chemical properties and
nutrient availability in soil after harvest of banana.
Pattanashetti, 2002, reported that application of FYM @ 7.5 t/ha
and 100 per cent recommended dose of NPK + 10 per cent
recommended dose of Sulphur recorded higher yield.
Patil, 1995, reported that maximum yield of tomato, potato and
onion was obtained with application of vermicompost @ 4 t/ha
along with 50 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer.
Patil et.al., 1997, reported that application of vermi compost @ of
2 t/ hectare along with 50 per cent Recommended Dose of
Fertilizer recorded maximum yield of potato.
Application of Farm Yard Manure @ 15 t/ha along with
Nitrogen, Phosphorus pentaoxide and Potassium oxide
improved the uptake of nutrients in soyabean (Patiram, 1991,
Singh et.al., 1995).
20
Paudel and Upasena, 1996, reported that application of green
manure combined with Nitrogen at 120kg/ hectare of both
Leucaena and Gliricidia increased yield of rice. Green leaf
manure completely substituted urea and could be used in the
form of top dressing. According to them significant increase in
yields of rice was observed due to use of green leaf manure.
Prabhakar Reddy, et.al., 2011, reported that application of
vermicompost @ 10t/ha recorded highest yield in onion and
raddish.
Ramesh et.al., 2007, recorded that banana waste compost @2.5
t/ha produced significant green fruit yield (19.66t/ha).
Rana and Korla, 2010, reported that organic manure and
biofertilizer yielded quality of ginger.
Ranwa and Singh, 1999, reported that application of organic
manures improved grain yield a and straw of wheat.
Sahu and Singh, 2009, reported that highest grain yield in
chickpea was recorded with micronutrient treatment and
protein content in grain was higher in biofertilizer treated
plants.
Saket, et.al., 2010, reported that application FYM @5t/ha along
with Azotobacter and PSB obtained superior growth of coriander.
Satish, et.al., 2010, studied various combinations of FYM, green
manure , paddy straw followed by only inorganic fertilizers.
21
Highest maize grain yield obtained in 50 per cent NPK + 50 per
cent FYM followed by 50 per cent NPK + 50 per cent paddy straw
and 50 per cent NPK + 50 per cent green manure (Gliricidia leaf).
Satisha,et.al., 2011, reported that application of 150 per cent
nitrogen along with zinc sulphate and zinc enriched compost
@15 kg/ha have improved the growth, yield and uptake of
nutrients increased the yield of rice.
Sarma,et.al., 2011, reported that combined application of
Azotobacter @ 1 t/hectare, cowdung @ 3 t/hectares, rock
phosphate 375 t/hectare and phosphate solubilising bacteria
yielded maximum cabbage head.
Selviranganathan,et.al., 1997, reported that application of
organic manures showed significant nutrient uptake of potato at
different stages of growth. Application of FYM and mushroom
spent compost (MSC) appreciably enhanced the uptake of
Nitrogen, Iron and Zinc.
Sendur et.al., 1998, reported that Farm Yard Manure + Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Potassium @ 150: 100: 50 kg + Azospirillum +
Phospho bacteria produced higher number of tomatoes.
Shanwad, 1999, studied the uptake of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and
Potassium and recorded highest with the combination of
organics and inorganic fertilizers in sunflower and pigeon pea.
The grain yield of soya bean was maximum at P level of 75 kg/ha
with biofertilizer than P alone. The combined application of
22
Rhizobium + FarmYard Manure + Phosphate Solubilising
bacteria proved to be most beneficial among all the treatments,
Sharma and Namdeo, (1999).
Sharma, 2003, reported that application of North Carolina rock
phosphate (NCRP) along with FYM @ 5 t/ha enhanced the soya
bean seed yield and P uptake significantly over the control.
Sharma and Namdeo, 1999, reported that grain yield of
soyabean was found to be maximum at P level of 75 kg /h with
than P alone. Combined application of Rhizobium + Farm Yard
Manure + Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria proved to be most
beneficial.
Shwetha and Narayana, 2011, reported that vermicompost is the
best organic manure than farm yard manure and is a low cost
technology system for wastes utilization.
Singh and Rai, 2003, studied the effect of combined inoculation
of Pseudomonas striata + Aspergillus awamori in wheat. The
growth parameters like dry matter production, root dry weight,
yield and Nitrogen & Phosphorus uptake.
Singh and Mukherjee, 2004, recorded that maximum seed and
straw yield with combined application of Rhizobium and VAM in
chickpea.
Singh and Singh, 2006, reported that dual inoculation of
Azotobacter & Azospirillum with 60 kg N/ha in conjunction with
23
100 ppm GA proved most effective in increasing fruit set and
early flowering.
Singh, et.al., 2009, reported that dual inoculation with
biofertilizers viz., Rhizobium + Azotobacter + PSB + FYM and
application of FYM has significantly increased plant growth,
grain yield and total N,P,K uptake in soyabean.
Singh, et.al., 2010, reported that different organic manures
significantly influenced the growth and yield of Aloe vera.
Sinha, et.al., 2010, reported that plants grown in vermicompost
pretreated soil exhibited maximum increase in morphological
parameters such as root length, shoot length, number of root
branches, stem branches, leaves, flowers, pods , root nodules
in Cicer and Pisum plants.
Suja and Sree Kumar, 2003, reported that three organic
manures FYM, coir pith compost and green manuring has
influenced the nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency.
Sukumar, et.al., 2001, reported that microbial inoculations of P-
solubilizing Bacillus megaterium and Azospirillum brasilense
significantly increased the leaf yield and uptake of nutrients.
Sunith. et.al. 2010, reported that uptake of nutrients were
significantly influenced by the application of manures, FYM and
biofertilizers to soil, either alone or in combination.
24
Sushila and Gajendragiri 2000, reported that application of FYM
has saved 45 kg Nitrogen/h where as biofertilizers viz.,
Azospirillum and Azotobacter proved effective in enhancing the
growth and yield of wheat.
The application of vermicompost with Azotobacter recorded
highest fruit and seed yield of tomato, Thakur, et.al., 2012.
Thenmozhi et.al., 2010, reported that application of biofertilizers
and biomanures increased growth and biomass production of
leafy vegetables.
Thenua, et.al., 2010, reported that seed inoculation with
Rhizobium recorded higher growth yield and grain yield of
soyabean.
Thukkaiyannan, et.al., 2008, reported the effect of in situ green
manuring (sunhemp) and different phosphorus sources under
irrigated condition increased and kappa yield in cotton.
Grain yield of rabi sorghum was highest when 50 per cent of
green manure and recommended dose of Nitrogen was applied
reported by Tolanur (2009).
Tomar, 1998, reported that combined inoculation with Farm
Yard Manure and phosphate solubilizers recorded maximum
grain and straw yields in black gram.
Tyagi and Ramamoorthy, 2007, reported that growth attributes
viz., plant height, leaf area index, crop growth rate, dry matter
25
production and number of tillers were significantly influenced by
the application of 12.5 t/hectare of FYM in the finger millet and
pigeon pea intercropping.
UshaKumari, et.al., 1996, reported that 26 per cent increase in
yield of Bhendi with application of vermi compost @ 12 t/ha.
Vijayakumari et.al., 2009, reported that maximum plant height
was recorded in vermi composted parthenium followed by vermi
composted poultry droppings in raddish.
Yadav, et.al., 2006, reported that application of FYM,
neemcake, crop residue along with biofertilizers viz., Azospirillum
and phosphate solubilising bacteria enhanced highest tuber
yield in potato.
Yadav, et.al., 2009, reported that the use of two organic manures
viz., FYM (2.5 t/ha) and neem cake (0.5 t/ ha) and two micro
nutrients zinc sulphate and ferrous sulphate recorded
significantly higher growth and seed yield in sesame ( Sesamum
indicum).
Yadav and Yadav, 2011, reported that Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
P.putida, Burkholderia cepacia, Bacillus megaterium,
Phenibacillus polymyxa and Azotobacter chroococcum were
considered as very effective plant growth promoting bacteria.
Among the plant growth promoting fungi, Aspergillus niger and
Trichoderma harzianum were very good.
26
Yadegeri et.al., 2010, reported that co-inoculation with
Rhizobium and PGPR has resulted in higher nodulation, shoot
dry weight and nitrogen fixation and there by produced greater
seed yield.
Amaranthus cruentus L. :
Geethakumari, et.al., 2009, reported that combined inoculation
with poultry manure @ 250 kg N/ha and seedling dip of
Azospirillum, foliar application of 2 per cent Pseudomonas and
urine spray increased the productivity of Amaranthus.
Ogbomo, et.al., 2011, reported that application of palm oil mill
effluents @ 5 t/ha increased total dry matter, relative yield,
relative agronomic effectiveness and chlorophyll content.
Preetha, et.al., 2005, reported that application of vermicompost
@ 5 t / ha together with 50:50:50 Nitrogen, Phosphorus
pentaoxide and Potassium oxide kg/ha recorded highest
vegetative yield as well as nutrient uptake in Amaranthus.
Uma and Malathi, 2009, reported that application of
vermicompost to Amaranthus plant considerably increased the
net production rate, chlorophyll and carotenoid content.
Dehydrogenase activity were increased with the application of
vermicompost.
27
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) L. :
Ahmad and Jabeen, 2009, reported that application of biogas
slurry and vermicompost enhanced various parameters of
vegetative and reproductive growth of sunflower under saline
conditions.
Devidayal and Agarwal, 1998, studied the effect of vermicompost
and Farm Yard Manure on growth and yield of sunflower.
Jagadev, et.al., 1998, reported that application of FYM @ 5 and
10 t/ha significantly increased the growth, Nitrogen and
Phosphorus contents and yield of sunflower over no Farm Yard
Manure and Azotobacter inoculation.
Kalaiyarasan and Vaiyapuri, 2007, reported that application of
recommended Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium along with
vermicompost @ 5 t/ha + Azospirillum @ 2kg/ha(soil application)
recorded maximum seed yield of sunflower.
Kavitha and Lakshmi, 2002, reported that vermicompost
combined with Farm Yard Manure and Azospirillum increased
seed yield. The oil and protein contents were significantly
increased with application of manure and biofertilizer.
Madhurendra, et.al., 2009, reported that application of 50 per
cent Nitrogen + Azospirillum recorded seed yield.
Rajavel, 2002, recorded combined application of organic
manures with inorganic Nitrogen improved the available N status
28
in soil along with improvement in soil organic carbon after the
harvest of sunflower.
Rathika, et.al., 2009, reported that Farm Yard Manure, cattle,
goat and sheep manure were effectively integrated with inorganic
fertilizer for sustaining the crop productivity, besides
maintaining the soil health.
Reddy and Ahmed, 2009, studied the effect of organic fertilizers
viz., Farm Yard Manure, biofertilizers , vermicompost, bioagents,
poultry manure, castor cake, Trichoderma viride and
Pseudomonas flurorescens increased yield and oil content of
sunflower.
Reddy,et.al., 2005, reported that recommended Nitrogen,
Phosphorus and Potassium + Azospirillum + phosphobacterium
recorded highest seed and stalk yield in sunflower.
Reddy and Sharanappa, 2003, reported that application of
composted poultry waste recorded highest seed yield.
Reddy and Reddy, 2001, studied the effect of bioagrorich
compost and soil application of Azospirillum and Azotobacter in
sunflower increased in highest seed yield.
Shanwad, 1999, reported that application of 100 per cent
Recommended Dose of Fertilizer + vermicompost or 100 per cent
Recommended Dose of Fertilizer + poultry manure significantly
increased yield components of sunflower.
29
Shanwad and Agasimani, 2001, reported that Farm Yard
Manure, vermicompost and poultry manure with 100 per cent
Recommended Dose of Fertilizer to both sunflower and pigeon
pea in sunflower-pigeon pea inter cropping increased highest
yield.
Singh and Bansal, 1999, observed that application of biogas
slurry @ 1.66 t/ha + 80 kg N/ha resulted in higher seed yield,
protein content in sunflower.
Combined application of poultry manure @ 2t/ha + 75 per cent
Recommended Dose of Fertilizer Nitrogen recorded the highest
seed yield, nutrient uptake and oil yield of sunflower reported by
Vanaja & Sreenivasa Raja, (2004).
Trigonella foenum-graceum L.:
Ahmed,et.al., 2010, reported that application of phosphorene as
bio-Phosphatic fertilizer improved plant growth of fenugreek.
Ali, et.al., 2009, reported that dual inoculation with Rhizobium +
PSB recorded significantly higher growth and yield of Trigonella.
The highest net returns and benefit:cost ratio was significantly
higher in combined application of biofertilizer.
Bhunia, et.al., 2006, reported that higher yield attributes, seed
(8.14q/ha) and stover yields (17.36 q/ha) were recorded with
Rhizobium inoculation in Trigonella.
30
Choudhar, et.al., 2011, rerorded that in fenugreek, higher
growth attributes viz., plant stand/m row length, plant height,
branches/plant , dry matter accumulation/ m row length,
nodules/ plant, yield attributes viz., pods/plant, seeds/pod and
test weight, seed yield along with 50 per cent Recommended
Dose of Nitrogen increased plant growth and yield of fenugreek.
Chaudhury, 1999, reported that inoculation with Rhizobium in
Trigonella recorded significant increase in number of
branches/plant, pod length and test weight and improved yield
over control with maximum net return.
Jat and Shaktawat, 2002, reported that seed treatment with
Rhizobium and Rhizobium + PSB recorded significant gain and N
status after harvest of fenugreek crop.
Jat,et.al., 2006, reported that application of 100 per cent
inorganic + Rhizobium @ 1.5kg/ha + 5 t Farm Yard Manure/ha
resulted in highest straw yield, Nitrogen and Phosphorus uptake
in Trigonella.
Patel,et.al., 2010, reported that application of Phosphate
Solubilising Bacteria @ 5 kg/ha along with Recommended Dose
of Fertilizer influenced the growth and yield attributes in
fenugreek. Azotobacter @ 5kg/ha + 5 t Farm Yard Manure/ha
has recorded good yield.
31
Patil, 2009, reported that in Glomus fasciculatum treated
fenugreek plant showed increased fresh weight, shoot length,
root length, nodules and leaves .
Sharma, et.al., 2007, studied the effect of microbial fertilization
along with Rhizobium, Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria and
organic fertilizer PROM ( Phosphorus rich organic manure) in
Trigonella and found promising to improve soil health, crop
production and biochemical quality.
Singh, et.al., 2010, reported that dual inoculation with
Rhizobium and Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria showed
superioirity by retaining higher available Nitrogen and
Phosphorus in soil, higher yield.
Antioxidants:
Anson, et.al., 2008, studied the antioxidants from wheat grain.
Isabelle, et.al., 2010, studied the hydrophilic oxygen radical
absorbance capacity (H-ORAC), total phenolic content (TPC),
ascorbic acid (AA) and various lipophilic antioxidants. Their
study showed that antioxidant composition and concentration
varied widely across different vegetables.
Jablonska-Rys, et.al., 2009, studied the antioxidant activity and
assay of Vitamin C. The phenolic content of fruits were
significantly enhanced.
32
Liu and Beta, 2010, studied and evaluated antioxidant
capacities from six wheat varieties and found that red wheat
variety had a remarkable antioxidant activity.
Plant derived products (edible and non-edible) contains a wide
range of phytochemicals and phenolic compounds that possess
substantial antioxidant and antiradical properties (Shahidi and
Naczk, 2004).
Srivastava et.al., 2010, isolated low and high molecular weight
phenolic fractions from three black berry cultivars.
Tulipani, et.al., 2008, studied the phytochemical and antioxidant
profiles from nine different genotypes of strawberry by
measuring the total flavonoid, anthocyanin, Vitamin C and folete
contents and found a significant difference between genotypes
and total antioxidant capacity were recorded.
Zilic et.al., 2012, studied and evaluated the total phenolics,
flavonoids, anthocyanins, -carotene and leutin.
Ziogas, et.al., 2010, studied the antioxidant and free radical
scavenging activities of phenolic extracts of olive fruits
Fatty Acids:
Marjolaine, and Terry., 2008, determined fatty acids and sugars
from avocado mesocarp tissue.
33
Plaza, et.al., 2009, studied the fatty acids, sterols and
antioxidant activity in Avocado. The main fatty acid identified
and quantified was oleic acid.
Rao, 2008, studied the fatty acids from the germplasm lines of
field bean.
Sathe, et.al., 2007, recorded fatty acid composition from
almonds.
Organic Acids:
Arnetoli, et.al., 2008, studied the organic acids by HPLC
analysis in plants of Silene paradoxa.
Ciganek,et.al., 2007, reported that emissions of volatile organic
compounds from crude and heat treated Amaranthus.
Falade, et.al., 2003, recorded that ascorbic, citric and total
organic acid content in some local fruits of Nigeria, Amaranthus
vegetable and cow pea.
Saponins:
Bialy, et.al., 2006, isolated fourteen triterpene saponins from the
roots of Medicago hybrida.
Chungkuo, et.al., 2010, studied a saponin mixture composed of
camellia saponin B (3) from the methanolic extract of tea seed
pomaceae. The saponin mixture has the potential as a new
34
plant derive pesticide to control Rhizoctonia damping off
vegetable seedlings.
Saha, et.al., 2010, studied the effect of saponins from
Diploknema butyracea and Sapindus mukorossi in controlling
pest.
Tava, et.al., 2009, investigated and identified new natural
compound of saponins from the aerial parts of Medicago arabica
L.Huds.
Recommended