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Report on national contribution “in-kind” of the Republic of Belarus
into EMEP for 2002
Sergey Kakareka, Tamara Kukharchyk, Valery Khomich
Institute for Problems of Natural Resources Use & Ecology
Minsk, Belarus
4rd JOINT UNECE Task Force & EIONET Workshop on Emission Inventories and Projections22-24 September 2003, Warsaw, PolandMSC-East
Project title:
Goals:
Improvement of the Guidebook in view of peculiarities of the FSU specificity
Promotion of the Guidebook methodology usage in the FSU countries
Budget: 2753 US$
Preparation of additions and refinements to the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook regarding heavy metals emission in view of peculiarities of the CIS countries technologies
Executive Summary
Experimental researches, analysis of literature sources, investigation of technological peculiarities of the Former USSR countries made possible to prepare additions and materials for inclusion to the Guidebook.
In all such additions and materials were prepared for 10 Guidebook chapters.
Special attention was paid onto source categories which are not considered in the Guidebook yet (stationary fuel combustion – small appliences), or slightly considered (open burning sources).
New experimental data on HM emission.
CONTENTS
ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR ATMOSPHERIC EMISSION INVENTORY GUIDEBOOK
1. SMALL COMBUSTION INSTALLATIONS (DRAFT SECTIONS)
2. DEFAULT EMISSION FACTORS TABLES
Annexes
1. OBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY OF HEAVY METALS EMISSION TESTING
Processes and Installations Studied in 2002
Methodology of Emission Sources Testing
Heavy Metals Analytical Determination
2. RESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTING Solid Fuels Combustion in Small Installations Testing
Heavy Metals Content in Emissions from Open Burning Processes
3. MATERIALS to the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook regarding HEAVY METALS Emission
Solid Fuel for Small Combustion Description
Compilation of Heavy Metal Emission Factors for Small Combustion
REFERENCES
Small combustion installations
In general small combustion devices can be divided into the next main groups:
installations close to open combustion (from this category fireplaces are most common in Europe);
installations without heat-transfer (furnaces, ovens, stoves);
installations with heat-transfer (mainly water or steam) – various types of boilers.
Small combustion devices are very different in design. Most specific are solid fuel burning systems; liquid and gaseous fueled installation are often can be fueled by both these types of fuel (with some reequipment).
ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK
Small Boilers
Generally boilers are distinguished as steam and hot-water, functioning with natural or induced circulation.
According to their design, steam and hot-water boilers are classified into: straight-through; single-drum with natural circulation; double-drum with natural circulation; flue with fire tubes; and gas-tube waste-heat boilers.
Low capacity boilers operating on solid fuel are classified into boilers with manual furnace, heat efficiency from 0.1 to 0.8 Gcal/hr and boilers with mechanical and semi-mechanical furnaces, heat efficiency from 0.63 to 3.15 Gcal/hr. Boilers with heat efficiency from 9.6 to 73 Mcal/hr are used for household combustion.
Two types of furnaces are applied in heat boilers: for layer and chamber combustion. In layer furnaces fuel is combusted on hand-fired stokers or with the help of a mechanical stoker.
ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK
Example of typical manual feed water-tube boiler(municaipal, educational, institutional sectors)
Minsk-1 boiler
ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK
• NEMIGA-1 iron hot-water boilers
Example of small boiler for residential sector
ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK
Example of household furnaces
Heating furnace
Russian stove
Kitchen range
ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK
Default emission factors for solid fuel small combustion installations (boilers), g/Mg
fuel Coal Peat Wood
Non contr.
Partially contr.
Non contr.
Partially contr.
Non contr.
Partially contr.
Arsenic 1.0 0.3 0.15 0.05 0 0
Cadmium 0.1 0.05 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.02
Chromium 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.06 0.02
Copper 1.4 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.22 0.07
Mercury 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Nickel 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.04 0.01
Lead 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.15 0.25 0.08
Zinc 5.0 1.5 2.0 0.6 4.30 1.30
ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK
Default emission factors for small combustion installations (furnaces), g/Mg fuel
- non-controlled combustion
Peat Wood
Arsenic 0.06 0.0
Cadmium 0.03 0.01
Chromium 0.2 0.03
Copper 0.2 0.10
Mercury 0.0 0.0
Nickel 0.15 0.03
Lead 0.24 0.15
Zinc 1.0 2.5
ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK
DEFAULT EMISSION FACTORS TABLES
According to 2002 Task Force meetings decisions a few default emission factors tables should be prepared for inclusion into the Guidebook:
Primary Lead Production Primary Zinc Production Primary Copper Production Grey Iron Foundries Coke oven furnaces
Draft default chapters were prepared and discussed during Combustion and Industry Expert Panel meetings in Ispra (April and November 2002) with participation of this report author. Later the output tables were revised and now their new versions were included into the report with small description (clarification). For their revision own data based upon experience of sources inventory and vast literature data were used.
ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK
OBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY OF HEAVY METALS EMISSION TESTING OBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY OF HEAVY METALS EMISSION TESTING
Sources Testing
In 2002 the following HM emission source categories were tested:
solid fuel combustion in household and municipal boilers; solid fuel combustion in household furnaces; forest fires; peatland fires; agricultural debris burning; domestic wastes burning.
Experimental work for the HM emission factors evaluation included:
aerosol and vapour HM sampling from off-gases;
fly ash sampling from stack walls and from control equipment;
ash sampling (from bonfires and ashpits);
fuel sampling;
samples preparations;
analytical determination of HM in samples;
data processing.
OBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY OF HEAVY METALS EMISSION TESTING OBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY OF HEAVY METALS EMISSION TESTING
Main parameters of tested installation
Combustion unit, control Fuel Type of collected samples
Kitchen range, no control Wood, wood waste Fly ash
Russian stove, no control Wood Fly ash, soot from walls of chimney
Small boiler, no control Peat briquette Fly ash, soot from walls of chimney
Small boiler, no control Coal Residual ash, soot from walls of chimney
Boiler E/9, cyclone Coal, wood Residual ash, soot from walls of chimney, fly ash
Boiler Minsk-1, no control Coal Residual ash, soot from walls of chimney, fly ash
Boiler Minsk-1, no control Peat briquette, wood Residual ash, soot from walls of chimney, fly ash
Boiler Minsk-1, no control Wood Residual ash, soot from walls of chimney, fly ash
Boiler KVN, cyclone Coal, peat briquette Residual ash, soot from walls of chimney and from cyclone, fly ash
Boiler Universal, no control Peat briquette, wood Soot from walls of chimney, fly ash
Boiler Universal, no control Coal, peat briquette, sawdust
Residual ash, soot from walls of chimney, fly ash
OBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY OF HEAVY METALS EMISSION TESTING OBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY OF HEAVY METALS EMISSION TESTING
Heavy Metals Analytical Determination
The determination of heavy metal content (Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb) in samples was carried out on the spectrometer Perkin Elmer AAC 5100 PC\ZL
Detection limit without concentration - 10-8 – 10-11 for flame ionization and graphite furnace accordingly.
Detection error – within the limit ± 20%.
OBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY OF HEAVY METALS EMISSION TESTING OBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY OF HEAVY METALS EMISSION TESTING
Wood combustion
RESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTINGRESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTING
0
200
400
600
800
Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn
mg/
kg
Ash from ashpit Fly ash and soot from chimney wall
in boiler Minsk-1
in household furnaces 0
200
400
600
800
1000
Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn
mg/
kg
Ash from ashpit Fly ash and soot from chimney wall
Peat briquette combustion
0
50
100
150
200
250
Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn
mg/
kg
Peat briquette Ash from cyclon Fly ash collected by filter
RESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTINGRESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTING
in boiler DKVR
Coal combustion
RESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTINGRESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTING
0
100
200
300
400
500
Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb
mg/
kg
Ash from cyclone Fly ash from wall stack Fly ash collected by filter
in boiler KVN
Combustion of mixed fuels in boilers
RESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTINGRESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTING
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn
mg/
kg
Peat+wood Coal+wood Coal+peat+sawdust
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn
mkg
/m3
Peat+wood Coal+peat+sawdust Coal+wood
in fly ash, mg/kg
in waste gases, mkg/m3
Open burning processes
RESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTINGRESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTING
ModelledSource
Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn
Peat fire 0.08 12.8 10.52 11.68 9.59 41.7
Municipal and domestic wastes burning
0.04 63.79 133.71 18.79 870.31 33543
Leaves fall-off burning 0.39 11.84 46.02 10.24 69.51 453.0
Grassland burning 0.01 0.24 56.29 6.82 26.00 1813.2
Mean content of HM in residual ash from open burning, mg/kg
HM content in fly ash from model combustion of litter, peat and agricultural
debris, mg/kg
RESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTINGRESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTING
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn
mkg
/m3
Litter Peat Agricultural debris
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn
mg/
kg
Litter Peat Agricultural debris
HM content in waste gases from model combustion of litter, peat and agricultural
debris, mkg/m3
Solid Fuel for Small Combustion Description
Ash and moisture content
Heavy metal content
MATERIALS to the EMEP/CORINAIR GuidebookMATERIALS to the EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook
Compilation of Heavy Metal Emission Factors for Small Combustion
MATERIALS to the EMEP/CORINAIR GuidebookMATERIALS to the EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook
Solid Fuel for Small Combustion Description
Heavy metal content
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn
mg/
kg
wood peat briquette coal
Programme elements for the project on national contribution “in-kind” of the Republic of
Belarus into EMEP for 2004
Title:
• Further Research for HCB and PCB Emission inventory Improvement in the NIS Countries (on an Example of Belarus)
Goals:
• Further improvement of the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook chapters regarding to HCB and PCB emission in view of NIS countries technological specificity
• Tasks:
- Additional investigation of selected activities for improvement of HCB and PCB emission factors and methodological approaches to emission inventory
- Preparation of insertions and improvements to the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook chapters in view of HCB and PCB emission.
• Planned results:- default emission factors for HCB and PCB to the
EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook chapters
- additional descriptive material to the chapters regarding to HCB and PCB
• Budget:• 949 US$ (as Belarusian contribution to EMEP according to new
assessment scale).
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