Report on national contribution “in-kind” of the Republic of Belarus into EMEP for 2002 Sergey Kakareka, Tamara Kukharchyk, Valery Khomich Institute for

Report on national contribution “in-kind” of the Republic of Belarus

into EMEP for 2002

Sergey Kakareka, Tamara Kukharchyk, Valery Khomich

Institute for Problems of Natural Resources Use & Ecology

Minsk, Belarus

4rd JOINT UNECE Task Force & EIONET Workshop on Emission Inventories and Projections22-24 September 2003, Warsaw, PolandMSC-East

Project title:

Goals:

Improvement of the Guidebook in view of peculiarities of the FSU specificity

Promotion of the Guidebook methodology usage in the FSU countries

Budget: 2753 US$

Preparation of additions and refinements to the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook regarding heavy metals emission in view of peculiarities of the CIS countries technologies

Executive Summary

Experimental researches, analysis of literature sources, investigation of technological peculiarities of the Former USSR countries made possible to prepare additions and materials for inclusion to the Guidebook.

In all such additions and materials were prepared for 10 Guidebook chapters.

Special attention was paid onto source categories which are not considered in the Guidebook yet (stationary fuel combustion – small appliences), or slightly considered (open burning sources).

New experimental data on HM emission.

CONTENTS

ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR ATMOSPHERIC EMISSION INVENTORY GUIDEBOOK

1. SMALL COMBUSTION INSTALLATIONS (DRAFT SECTIONS)

2. DEFAULT EMISSION FACTORS TABLES

Annexes

1. OBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY OF HEAVY METALS EMISSION TESTING

Processes and Installations Studied in 2002

Methodology of Emission Sources Testing

Heavy Metals Analytical Determination

2. RESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTING Solid Fuels Combustion in Small Installations Testing

Heavy Metals Content in Emissions from Open Burning Processes

3. MATERIALS to the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook regarding HEAVY METALS Emission

Solid Fuel for Small Combustion Description

Compilation of Heavy Metal Emission Factors for Small Combustion

REFERENCES

Small combustion installations

In general small combustion devices can be divided into the next main groups:

installations close to open combustion (from this category fireplaces are most common in Europe);

installations without heat-transfer (furnaces, ovens, stoves);

installations with heat-transfer (mainly water or steam) – various types of boilers.

Small combustion devices are very different in design. Most specific are solid fuel burning systems; liquid and gaseous fueled installation are often can be fueled by both these types of fuel (with some reequipment).

ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK

Small Boilers

Generally boilers are distinguished as steam and hot-water, functioning with natural or induced circulation.

According to their design, steam and hot-water boilers are classified into: straight-through; single-drum with natural circulation; double-drum with natural circulation; flue with fire tubes; and gas-tube waste-heat boilers.

Low capacity boilers operating on solid fuel are classified into boilers with manual furnace, heat efficiency from 0.1 to 0.8 Gcal/hr and boilers with mechanical and semi-mechanical furnaces, heat efficiency from 0.63 to 3.15 Gcal/hr. Boilers with heat efficiency from 9.6 to 73 Mcal/hr are used for household combustion.

Two types of furnaces are applied in heat boilers: for layer and chamber combustion. In layer furnaces fuel is combusted on hand-fired stokers or with the help of a mechanical stoker.


Example of typical manual feed water-tube boiler(municaipal, educational, institutional sectors)

Minsk-1 boiler


• NEMIGA-1 iron hot-water boilers

Example of small boiler for residential sector


Example of household furnaces

Heating furnace

Russian stove

Kitchen range


Default emission factors for solid fuel small combustion installations (boilers), g/Mg

fuel Coal Peat Wood

Non contr.

Partially contr.

Non contr.

Partially contr.

Non contr.

Partially contr.

Arsenic 1.0 0.3 0.15 0.05 0 0

Cadmium 0.1 0.05 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.02

Chromium 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.06 0.02

Copper 1.4 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.22 0.07

Mercury 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Nickel 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.04 0.01

Lead 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.15 0.25 0.08

Zinc 5.0 1.5 2.0 0.6 4.30 1.30


Default emission factors for small combustion installations (furnaces), g/Mg fuel

- non-controlled combustion

Peat Wood

Arsenic 0.06 0.0

Cadmium 0.03 0.01

Chromium 0.2 0.03

Copper 0.2 0.10

Mercury 0.0 0.0

Nickel 0.15 0.03

Lead 0.24 0.15

Zinc 1.0 2.5


DEFAULT EMISSION FACTORS TABLES

According to 2002 Task Force meetings decisions a few default emission factors tables should be prepared for inclusion into the Guidebook:

Primary Lead Production Primary Zinc Production Primary Copper Production Grey Iron Foundries Coke oven furnaces

Draft default chapters were prepared and discussed during Combustion and Industry Expert Panel meetings in Ispra (April and November 2002) with participation of this report author. Later the output tables were revised and now their new versions were included into the report with small description (clarification). For their revision own data based upon experience of sources inventory and vast literature data were used.


OBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY OF HEAVY METALS EMISSION TESTING OBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY OF HEAVY METALS EMISSION TESTING

Sources Testing

In 2002 the following HM emission source categories were tested:

solid fuel combustion in household and municipal boilers; solid fuel combustion in household furnaces; forest fires; peatland fires; agricultural debris burning; domestic wastes burning.

Experimental work for the HM emission factors evaluation included:

aerosol and vapour HM sampling from off-gases;

fly ash sampling from stack walls and from control equipment;

ash sampling (from bonfires and ashpits);

fuel sampling;

samples preparations;

analytical determination of HM in samples;

data processing.


Main parameters of tested installation

Combustion unit, control Fuel Type of collected samples

Kitchen range, no control Wood, wood waste Fly ash

Russian stove, no control Wood Fly ash, soot from walls of chimney

Small boiler, no control Peat briquette Fly ash, soot from walls of chimney

Small boiler, no control Coal Residual ash, soot from walls of chimney

Boiler E/9, cyclone Coal, wood Residual ash, soot from walls of chimney, fly ash

Boiler Minsk-1, no control Coal Residual ash, soot from walls of chimney, fly ash

Boiler Minsk-1, no control Peat briquette, wood Residual ash, soot from walls of chimney, fly ash

Boiler Minsk-1, no control Wood Residual ash, soot from walls of chimney, fly ash

Boiler KVN, cyclone Coal, peat briquette Residual ash, soot from walls of chimney and from cyclone, fly ash

Boiler Universal, no control Peat briquette, wood Soot from walls of chimney, fly ash

Boiler Universal, no control Coal, peat briquette, sawdust

Residual ash, soot from walls of chimney, fly ash


Heavy Metals Analytical Determination

The determination of heavy metal content (Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb) in samples was carried out on the spectrometer Perkin Elmer AAC 5100 PC\ZL

Detection limit without concentration - 10-8 – 10-11 for flame ionization and graphite furnace accordingly.

Detection error – within the limit ± 20%.


Wood combustion

RESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTINGRESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTING

0

200

400

600

800

Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn

mg/

kg

Ash from ashpit Fly ash and soot from chimney wall

in boiler Minsk-1

in household furnaces 0

200

400

600

800

1000

Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn

mg/

kg

Ash from ashpit Fly ash and soot from chimney wall

Peat briquette combustion

0

50

100

150

200

250

Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn

mg/

kg

Peat briquette Ash from cyclon Fly ash collected by filter


in boiler DKVR

Coal combustion


0

100

200

300

400

500

Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb

mg/

kg

Ash from cyclone Fly ash from wall stack Fly ash collected by filter

in boiler KVN

Combustion of mixed fuels in boilers


0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn

mg/

kg

Peat+wood Coal+wood Coal+peat+sawdust

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn

mkg

/m3

Peat+wood Coal+peat+sawdust Coal+wood

in fly ash, mg/kg

in waste gases, mkg/m3

Open burning processes


ModelledSource

Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn

Peat fire 0.08 12.8 10.52 11.68 9.59 41.7

Municipal and domestic wastes burning

0.04 63.79 133.71 18.79 870.31 33543

Leaves fall-off burning 0.39 11.84 46.02 10.24 69.51 453.0

Grassland burning 0.01 0.24 56.29 6.82 26.00 1813.2

Mean content of HM in residual ash from open burning, mg/kg

HM content in fly ash from model combustion of litter, peat and agricultural

debris, mg/kg


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn

mkg

/m3

Litter Peat Agricultural debris

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn

mg/

kg

Litter Peat Agricultural debris

HM content in waste gases from model combustion of litter, peat and agricultural

debris, mkg/m3


Ash and moisture content

Heavy metal content

MATERIALS to the EMEP/CORINAIR GuidebookMATERIALS to the EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook

Compilation of Heavy Metal Emission Factors for Small Combustion

MATERIALS to the EMEP/CORINAIR GuidebookMATERIALS to the EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook


Heavy metal content

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn

mg/

kg

wood peat briquette coal

Programme elements for the project on national contribution “in-kind” of the Republic of

Belarus into EMEP for 2004

Title:

• Further Research for HCB and PCB Emission inventory Improvement in the NIS Countries (on an Example of Belarus)

Goals:

• Further improvement of the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook chapters regarding to HCB and PCB emission in view of NIS countries technological specificity

• Tasks:

- Additional investigation of selected activities for improvement of HCB and PCB emission factors and methodological approaches to emission inventory

- Preparation of insertions and improvements to the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook chapters in view of HCB and PCB emission.

• Planned results:- default emission factors for HCB and PCB to the

EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook chapters

- additional descriptive material to the chapters regarding to HCB and PCB

• Budget:• 949 US$ (as Belarusian contribution to EMEP according to new

assessment scale).

Documents

Report on national contribution “in-kind” of the Republic of Belarus into EMEP for 2002 Sergey Kakareka, Tamara Kukharchyk, Valery Khomich Institute for