Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of...

Renaissance in the NorthThe Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and

1500s was very different from their Italian counterparts. Artists working in Belgium and Holland used everyday objects as religious symbols, creating sharply focused pictures filled with great detail. Hard

edge realism was generally an important element, with an emphasis on tangible textures.

Later, in the sixteenth century, Germany became the Northern European art center.

The greatest innovation was the new medium of oil paint, which replaced tempera and fresco. Oil paint can be applied in transparent layers, called glazes, which allows the color to glow vividly. Colors could also be blended more easily with these slow drying paints.

FLEMISH and DUTCH ARTISTS

Robert Campin/Master of Flemalle (1378-1444)Jan van Eyck (1390-1441)

Rogier van der Weyden (1399-1464)Hans Memling (1440-1494)

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)Pieter Bruegel (1525-1569)

Robert Campin/ Master of Flemalle (1378-1444)Merode Altarpiece/ Oil on wood, ca.1425

This is a Bible scene painted in the setting of a contemporary Flemish dwelling. The two people depicted in the left panel paid for this painting project. Notice

awkward use of perspective and abrupt shifts in scale; the people on the left are too big for the doorway. See detail on next slide...

Robert Campin/ Master of Flemalle (1378-1444)Merode Altarpiece detail “Anunciation” Oil on wood, ca.1425

The objects are all symbols; for example, the vase of lilies stands for purity.

Robert CampinMaster of Flemalle

(1378-1444)Merode Altarpiece

detail “Annunciation” Oil on wood, ca.1425

The objects are all symbols; for example,

the vase of lilies stands for purity.

Robert Campin Master of Flemalle (1378-

1444)Merode Altarpiece detail

Oil on wood, ca.1425

Here we see Joseph, the father of Jesus, in his

carpentry shop. He has made a mousetrap, to

symbolize Christ’s appearance in the world in human form as a means of

fooling and catching the Devil.

Robert Campin/Master of Flemalle (1378-1444)Portrait in Oil

Robert Campin/ Master of Flemalle (1378-1444)Portrait in Oil

Jan van Eyck (1390-1441) Ghent Altarpiece Oil on panel 11.5 x 15’, 1432

Notice a great amount of rendered detail and a close attention to the effects of light as it describes form. Detail follows...

Jan van Eyck (1390-1441)

Ghent Altarpiece, 1432

detail: Adam & EveOil on panel

Jan van Eyck (1390-1441)“Arnolfini Wedding,”

1434Oil on panel, 32 x 23”

Light enters through the window on the left and

illuminates all the objects which are rendered in

great detail. The objects are symbolic; the man’s

raised right hand and dog are symbolic of fidelity, the cast aside shoes indicate that the couple stand on holy ground, the peaches

ripening on the table behind the man on the left

represent fertility.On the next slide we see

the details of the reflection in the rear mirror...

Jan van Eyck (1390-1441)“Arnolfini Wedding,” detail 1434

Oil on panel, 32 x 23”

“Annunciation” Oil on panel

The artist has taken an unusual

viewpoint, showing this religious scene

from above.

Jan van Eyck (1390-1441)Possible Self-

PortraitOil on panel

Jan van Eyck (1390-1441)Virgin and

Christ BabyOil on panel

Jan van Eyck (1390-1441) “Crucifixion

and Last Judgement”Altarpiece in Metropolitan Museum of

Art, NYCOil on panel

“Man in a Blue Turban”

Oil on wood

Rogier van der Weyden

(1399-1464)“Portrait of a

Lady”Oil on panel 14.4” x 10.5”

Notice the delicate handling of the

transparent fabric which covers the

woman’s forehead, the strong, bold shapes and the intense contrast which give this

image its graphic power.

Rogier van der Weyden (1399-1464)

“Annunciation” Oil on panel

Crucifixion Triptych, Oil on panel

Rogier van der Weyden“Descent from the Cross” Oil on panel 7’x8’ 1435

Rogier van der Weyden (1399-1464)Detail from Altarpiece, Oil on panel

Man’s Portrait, Oil on panel

Woman’s Portrait, Oil on panel

Hans Memling (1440-1494)AnnunciationOil on panel

Memling was born in Germany but lived in Bruges, Belgium. He had studied under

Rogier van der Weyden.

Notice his interest in natural light, rigorous perspective, textures. and patterns both in the clothing and the

floor tiles.

Hans Memling (1440-1494)

The Beheading of St. John the

BaptistOil on panel

Hans Memling (1440-1494) Crucifixion, Oil on panel

Hans Memling (1440-1494)

Man’s Portrait Oil on panel

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516) Bosch was a Dutch painter with a vivid imagination; he

presents a world full of weird images and puzzling symbols.

His paintings are usually packed with tiny people, mostly naked, who are engaged in dozens of strange

activities.

Probably his most complex work is “The Garden of Earthly Delights,” seen in the next slide. It is a large

triptych...

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)“Garden of Delights” 1505-1510Triptych Oil on panel 86” x 76”

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)

“The Garden of Eden”

1505-1510Left panel of

triptych

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)“Garden of Delights” 1505-1510, Middle panel of

triptych

Hieronymus Bosch

(1450-1516)“Garden of Satan”

1505-1510Right panel of

triptych

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)“Garden of Delights” 1505-1510 Detail of triptych

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)“Garden of Delights” 1505-1510, Detail of triptych

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)“Garden of Delights” 1505-1510

Detail of triptych

Pieter Bruegel (1525-1569) Bruegel’s early work shows the influence of Hieronymus

Bosch, but he developed his own style to became the greatest Low Country master of the 16th century.

Bruegel’s paintings are rich in narrative story-telling, frequently depicting the everyday lives of local,

ordinary people.

This artist’s inclusion of mountain landscapes in his pictures is quite unusual for painters living in the

lowlands of Belgium and Holland. Bruegel had travelled to Italy and apparently saw the Alps; he put this

imagery to use later on...

Pieter Bruegel (1525-1569) “The Triumph of Death” 1562 Oil on wood panel 46” x 63”

The influence of Bosch is evident in this work.

Pieter Bruegel (1525-1569) “Hunters in the Snow” 1565 Oil on wood panel 46 x 64”

Placing figures in a very deep, complex landscape was typical for Bruegel. Notice the dramatic mountains, which

do not exist in Belgium.

Pieter Bruegel (1525-1569)“The Corn Harvest” Oil on wood panel 46” x 63”

Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC

Pieter Bruegel (1525-1569)“Peasant Wedding” 1567 Oil on wood panel 45 x

Pieter Bruegel (1525-1569)“ Landscape with the Fall of Icarus” 1567 Oil on wood panel 29”

x 45”

Pieter Bruegel (1525-1569) “The Massacre of the Innocents” 1567 Oil on wood panel 43”

x 61”This image is an allegory showing the cruelties of Spanish

troops subduing a rebellion. The lowlands had recently broken away from Spanish rule.

Pieter Bruegel (1525-1569) “Peasant Dance” 1567 Oil on wood panel 45” x 65”

Pieter Bruegel (1525-1569) “The Parable of the Blind” 1568 Oil on wood panel 34”

x 61”This picture symbolizes the declining fortunes of the

country.

Pieter Bruegel (1525-1569)

Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of...

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