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but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different from their Italian counterparts. Artists working in Belgium and Holland used everyday objects as religious symbols, creating sharply focused pictures filled with great detail. Hard edge realism was generally an important element, with an emphasis on tangible textures. Later, in the sixteenth century, Germany became the Northern European art center. The greatest innovation was the new medium of oil paint, which replaced tempera and fresco. Oil paint can be applied in transparent layers, called glazes, which allows the color to glow vividly. Colors could also be blended more easily with these slow drying paints.

Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

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Page 1: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Renaissance in the NorthThe Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and

1500s was very different from their Italian counterparts. Artists working in Belgium and Holland used everyday objects as religious symbols, creating sharply focused pictures filled with great detail. Hard

edge realism was generally an important element, with an emphasis on tangible textures.

Later, in the sixteenth century, Germany became the Northern European art center.

The greatest innovation was the new medium of oil paint, which replaced tempera and fresco. Oil paint can be applied in transparent layers, called glazes, which allows the color to glow vividly. Colors could also be blended more easily with these slow drying paints.

Page 2: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different
Page 3: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

FLEMISH and DUTCH ARTISTS

Robert Campin/Master of Flemalle (1378-1444)Jan van Eyck (1390-1441)

Rogier van der Weyden (1399-1464)Hans Memling (1440-1494)

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)Pieter Bruegel (1525-1569)

Page 4: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Robert Campin/ Master of Flemalle (1378-1444)Merode Altarpiece/ Oil on wood, ca.1425

This is a Bible scene painted in the setting of a contemporary Flemish dwelling. The two people depicted in the left panel paid for this painting project. Notice

awkward use of perspective and abrupt shifts in scale; the people on the left are too big for the doorway. See detail on next slide...

Page 5: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Robert Campin/ Master of Flemalle (1378-1444)Merode Altarpiece detail “Anunciation” Oil on wood, ca.1425

The objects are all symbols; for example, the vase of lilies stands for purity.

Page 6: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Robert CampinMaster of Flemalle

(1378-1444)Merode Altarpiece

detail “Annunciation” Oil on wood, ca.1425

The objects are all symbols; for example,

the vase of lilies stands for purity.

Page 7: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Robert Campin Master of Flemalle (1378-

1444)Merode Altarpiece detail

Oil on wood, ca.1425

Here we see Joseph, the father of Jesus, in his

carpentry shop. He has made a mousetrap, to

symbolize Christ’s appearance in the world in human form as a means of

fooling and catching the Devil.

Page 8: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Robert Campin/Master of Flemalle (1378-1444)Portrait in Oil

Page 9: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Robert Campin/ Master of Flemalle (1378-1444)Portrait in Oil

Page 10: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Jan van Eyck (1390-1441) Ghent Altarpiece Oil on panel 11.5 x 15’, 1432

Notice a great amount of rendered detail and a close attention to the effects of light as it describes form. Detail follows...

Page 11: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Jan van Eyck (1390-1441)

Ghent Altarpiece, 1432

detail: Adam & EveOil on panel

Page 12: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Jan van Eyck (1390-1441)“Arnolfini Wedding,”

1434Oil on panel, 32 x 23”

Light enters through the window on the left and

illuminates all the objects which are rendered in

great detail. The objects are symbolic; the man’s

raised right hand and dog are symbolic of fidelity, the cast aside shoes indicate that the couple stand on holy ground, the peaches

ripening on the table behind the man on the left

represent fertility.On the next slide we see

the details of the reflection in the rear mirror...

Page 13: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Jan van Eyck (1390-1441)“Arnolfini Wedding,” detail 1434

Oil on panel, 32 x 23”

Page 14: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Jan van Eyck (1390-1441)

“Annunciation” Oil on panel

The artist has taken an unusual

viewpoint, showing this religious scene

from above.

Page 15: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Jan van Eyck (1390-1441)Possible Self-

PortraitOil on panel

Page 16: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Jan van Eyck (1390-1441)Virgin and

Christ BabyOil on panel

Page 17: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Jan van Eyck (1390-1441) “Crucifixion

and Last Judgement”Altarpiece in Metropolitan Museum of

Art, NYCOil on panel

1430

Page 18: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Jan van Eyck (1390-1441)

“Man in a Blue Turban”

Oil on wood

Page 19: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Rogier van der Weyden

(1399-1464)“Portrait of a

Lady”Oil on panel 14.4” x 10.5”

Notice the delicate handling of the

transparent fabric which covers the

woman’s forehead, the strong, bold shapes and the intense contrast which give this

image its graphic power.

Page 20: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Rogier van der Weyden (1399-1464)

“Annunciation” Oil on panel

Page 21: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Rogier van der Weyden (1399-1464)

Crucifixion Triptych, Oil on panel

Page 22: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Rogier van der Weyden“Descent from the Cross” Oil on panel 7’x8’ 1435

Page 23: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Rogier van der Weyden (1399-1464)Detail from Altarpiece, Oil on panel

Page 24: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Rogier van der Weyden (1399-1464)

Man’s Portrait, Oil on panel

Page 25: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Rogier van der Weyden (1399-1464)

Woman’s Portrait, Oil on panel

Page 26: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Hans Memling (1440-1494)AnnunciationOil on panel

Memling was born in Germany but lived in Bruges, Belgium. He had studied under

Rogier van der Weyden.

Notice his interest in natural light, rigorous perspective, textures. and patterns both in the clothing and the

floor tiles.

Page 27: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Hans Memling (1440-1494)

The Beheading of St. John the

BaptistOil on panel

Page 28: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Hans Memling (1440-1494) Crucifixion, Oil on panel

Page 29: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Hans Memling (1440-1494)

Man’s Portrait Oil on panel

Page 30: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516) Bosch was a Dutch painter with a vivid imagination; he

presents a world full of weird images and puzzling symbols.

His paintings are usually packed with tiny people, mostly naked, who are engaged in dozens of strange

activities.

Probably his most complex work is “The Garden of Earthly Delights,” seen in the next slide. It is a large

triptych...

Page 31: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)“Garden of Delights” 1505-1510Triptych Oil on panel 86” x 76”

Page 32: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)

“The Garden of Eden”

1505-1510Left panel of

triptych

Page 33: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)“Garden of Delights” 1505-1510, Middle panel of

triptych

Page 34: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Hieronymus Bosch

(1450-1516)“Garden of Satan”

1505-1510Right panel of

triptych

Page 35: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)“Garden of Delights” 1505-1510 Detail of triptych

Page 36: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)“Garden of Delights” 1505-1510 Detail of triptych

Page 37: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)“Garden of Delights” 1505-1510 Detail of triptych

Page 38: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)“Garden of Delights” 1505-1510 Detail of triptych

Page 39: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)“Garden of Delights” 1505-1510 Detail of triptych

Page 40: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)“Garden of Delights” 1505-1510 Detail of triptych

Page 41: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)“Garden of Delights” 1505-1510 Detail of triptych

Page 42: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)“Garden of Delights” 1505-1510 Detail of triptych

Page 43: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)“Garden of Delights” 1505-1510, Detail of triptych

Page 44: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)“Garden of Delights” 1505-1510 Detail of triptych

Page 45: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)“Garden of Delights” 1505-1510 Detail of triptych

Page 46: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)“Garden of Delights” 1505-1510

Detail of triptych

Page 47: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)“Garden of Delights” 1505-1510 Detail of triptych

Page 48: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Pieter Bruegel (1525-1569) Bruegel’s early work shows the influence of Hieronymus

Bosch, but he developed his own style to became the greatest Low Country master of the 16th century.

Bruegel’s paintings are rich in narrative story-telling, frequently depicting the everyday lives of local,

ordinary people.

This artist’s inclusion of mountain landscapes in his pictures is quite unusual for painters living in the

lowlands of Belgium and Holland. Bruegel had travelled to Italy and apparently saw the Alps; he put this

imagery to use later on...

Page 49: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different
Page 50: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Pieter Bruegel (1525-1569) “The Triumph of Death” 1562 Oil on wood panel 46” x 63”

The influence of Bosch is evident in this work.

Page 51: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Pieter Bruegel (1525-1569) “Hunters in the Snow” 1565 Oil on wood panel 46 x 64”

Placing figures in a very deep, complex landscape was typical for Bruegel. Notice the dramatic mountains, which

do not exist in Belgium.

Page 52: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Pieter Bruegel (1525-1569)“The Corn Harvest” Oil on wood panel 46” x 63”

Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC

Page 53: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Pieter Bruegel (1525-1569)“Peasant Wedding” 1567 Oil on wood panel 45 x

64”

Page 54: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Pieter Bruegel (1525-1569)“ Landscape with the Fall of Icarus” 1567 Oil on wood panel 29”

x 45”

Page 55: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Pieter Bruegel (1525-1569) “The Massacre of the Innocents” 1567 Oil on wood panel 43”

x 61”This image is an allegory showing the cruelties of Spanish

troops subduing a rebellion. The lowlands had recently broken away from Spanish rule.

Page 56: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Pieter Bruegel (1525-1569) “Peasant Dance” 1567 Oil on wood panel 45” x 65”

Page 57: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Pieter Bruegel (1525-1569) “The Parable of the Blind” 1568 Oil on wood panel 34”

x 61”This picture symbolizes the declining fortunes of the

country.

Page 58: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

Pieter Bruegel (1525-1569)

Page 59: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different
Page 60: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different
Page 61: Renaissance in the North The Renaissance spread across all of Europe, but the visual style of Northern artists during the 1400s and 1500s was very different

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