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8/6/2019 R&D on Innovative Solar Cells Koichi SAKUTA PV in AIST
1/24
Photovoltaic Research in AIST
Koichi Sakuta
Research Center for Photovoltaics, AIST
8/6/2019 R&D on Innovative Solar Cells Koichi SAKUTA PV in AIST
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New Sunshine Project initiated
New Sunshine Project Completed
1974
1980
1997
2000
1993
Establishment of NEDO
Residential PV System Technology
Low Cost SOG-Si Production Process
Basic Technology for SiliconSolar Cells (wafer, cell-process)
500 KW Pilot Production- Line for
mc-Si Solar Cells
Technology for a-Si Solar Cells Production
1MW PV Power Plant
Low Cost mc-Silicon Solar Cells Production Technology
(Efficiency = 17.2%, 189 JPY/W)
Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells (140 JPY/W)
R&D Items
R&D Results
Sunshine Project initiated 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
19909 1 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 0 0 01 02 03 04 05 06 0 7
Road MapPV2030
2004
Progress of PV R&D in Japan
8/6/2019 R&D on Innovative Solar Cells Koichi SAKUTA PV in AIST
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World PV Module Production
(Source: PV News)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Producton(MW)
93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
Year
Others
USA
Europe
Japan
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[PV System Deployment Images] (Examples)
Industrial
Residential
Overseas
7 Yen/kWh
23 Yen/kWh
2002 2007 2010 2020 2030
14 Yen/kWh
E
lectricityCost
30 Yen/ kWh
~50 Yen/kWh
Bulk Si &Thin Film Si/Compound
Grid-Connectedwith Higher Degree
of Autonomy
>Less-dependent to Grid
from Individual to Clustered
ActiveGrid Control
Cost Reduction by Tech.Generation Change
Emergence ofNew Material
Large SystemLong Life BOS
Very-Thin Cell/Multi-junction
New Material/ StructureEx.: Dye-sensitized
Rechargeable BatteryBack up system
Conventional Grid-Connected
Community PV- ClusterdBroader Area Clusterd PVRenewable Energy Network
In-Factory High Voltage-Connected/ Captive Load/Building Integrated PV
Solar Home System (SHS)Hydrogen Production
Very Large Scale PV (VLS-PV)
[PV System Deployment Images] (Examples)
Industrial
Residential
Overseas
7 Yen/kWh
23 Yen/kWh
2002 2007 2010 2020 2030
14 Yen/kWh
E
lectricityCost
30 Yen/ kWh
~50 Yen/kWh
Bulk Si &Thin Film Si/Compound
Grid-Connectedwith Higher Degree
of Autonomy
>Less-dependent to Grid
from Individual to Clustered
ActiveGrid Control
Cost Reduction by Tech.Generation Change
Emergence ofNew Material
Large SystemLong Life BOS
Very-Thin Cell/Multi-junction
New Material/ StructureEx.: Dye-sensitized
Rechargeable BatteryBack up system
Conventional Grid-Connected
Community PV- ClusterdBroader Area Clusterd PVRenewable Energy Network
In-Factory High Voltage-Connected/ Captive Load/Building Integrated PV
Solar Home System (SHS)Hydrogen Production
Very Large Scale PV (VLS-PV)
PV2030 Long-term Roadmap for PV R&D and Introduction
8/6/2019 R&D on Innovative Solar Cells Koichi SAKUTA PV in AIST
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Mission and Policy Statement of RCPV(1) R&D for new materials and devices
Cost reduction, lower environmental impacts(2) Characterization, testing, standardization Infrastructure for industry(3) System operation, evaluation Infra technology for energy source(4) International cooperation Collaboration and competition
- Rapid technology transfer using integrating platform- Impartial evaluation and advice to policymakers
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Organization Chart of RCPV
Advanced Crystalline
SiliconNovel Silicon
Materials
Advanced Organic
Material
Thin Film
Compoundsemiconductor
Characterization, Testing and System
Seeds
Needs
Infra for Industries
Strategic
Industrialization
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Crystalline Silicon Cells
Plasma Slicing
High efficiency thin substrate cells
Hetero junction cells, Light trapping structure
HIT
50 m cell
Advanced Crystalline Silicon Team
Thinner Cells < 100m
Sliced silicon ingot(kerf loss: 120m ditch depth: 8.2mm)
Sliced silicon ingot(kerf loss: 120m ditch depth: 8.2mm)
Cell thickness ( m )
Single -crystalline
Poly-crystalline150 m 120 m 100 m
(5X5cm, 2X2cm)
(2X2cm)
200 m 100 m
Commercial cells
Cell thickness ( m )
Single -crystalline
Poly-crystalline150 m 120 m 100 m
(5X5cm, 2X2cm)
(2X2cm)
200 m 100 m
Commercial cells
8/6/2019 R&D on Innovative Solar Cells Koichi SAKUTA PV in AIST
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Amorphous Si
Microcrystalline Si
Small absorption coefficient ininfrared region
Wavelength (nm)
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
QE(a
.u.) a-Si
c-Si
AM1.5G
p
n
i
p
n
ic-Sia-Si
a-Si:H c-Si:H c-Si1-xGex:H
i
p
nc-Si1-xGe x
c-Si1-x
Gex
Microcrystalline Si1-xGex
Higher IR response with
narrower Eg material
double =12-13% triple = 16%
Jsc(SiGe) >>30 mA/cm2
Triple Tandem Solar CellNovel Silicon Materials Team
8/6/2019 R&D on Innovative Solar Cells Koichi SAKUTA PV in AIST
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18.1% Wide-gap Cell
Thin Film Compound Semiconductor Team
15.9%
17.7%
CIGS Cell
Integrated Sub-module
Flexible Cell
10cm x 10cm
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Polymer Cell (P3HT:PCBM)
PCE = 3.8 % @ 1cm2
JSC = 9.68 mA cm-2
VOC
= 0.62 V, FF = 0.64
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
-10
0
10
Currentdensity/mAcm
-2
Voltage / V
LightDark
S
S
S
S
C6H13 C6H13
nC6H13 C6H13
ITO
Sub-module and Flexible Cell
Advanced Organic Material Team
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Strategic Industrialization Team
Flexible solar-cell substrates
consortium
NIPPON GOHSEI
FilmsFilms
MachinesMachines
ProcessingProcessing
Observer: Industrial Research Inst of Ishikawa, PV manufacturer
First Phase: 2006.6.1 - 2008.3.31
NIPPON GOHSEI
FilmsFilms
MachinesMachines
ProcessingProcessing
Observer: Industrial Research Inst of Ishikawa, PV manufacturer
First Phase: 2006.6.1 - 2008.3.31
Plasma CVD apparatus for thin-filmsilicon solar cells with a substrate size of
310 mm 410 mm.
Rapid transfer of basic technologiesPractice of Open Innovation
Example of Apparatus
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SR measurements of each cell in a module
Calibration System for
Primary Reference Cell
Accredited for primary reference
cell calibrations required byISO/IEC17025 in global MRA
AIST
AIST
Long term reliability test of PV modules
Combined stressesacceleration test
equipment
Characterization, Testing and System Team
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Detection of failure byPassive Diagnostic
(compare mes. vs calc.)
Separation of problem( PCS / PV Array )
Identify failure point and typeby Active Diagnostic
In case of PV array problem
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
PVBase powerpower demand
Time [hour]
Minimum power of coalpower of geothermal
Base power + PV < Power Demand
power of hydro
power of nuclear0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Hour
Irrad
iance[kW/m2]
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
PVModuleTemperature[oC]
OKE, FineDaily Irradiation:
7.6 [kWh/m2]
PV Module Temp.*
43.7 [oC]
Energy Rating of PV Systems
Characterization, Testing and System Team
Estimation of PV Introduction Potential
Performance Diagnostic of PV Systems
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Mega-SolarTownMegaMegaMega---SolarTownSolarTownSolarTown
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Mega-SolarTown: Overview
Start operation: April 2004
Total capacity
DC: 869kWp (approx. 5,600 PV modules) AC: 844kW (211 units of 4kW power conditioner)
First MW-scale PV in Japan (including existing 150kW PV systems)
Commercial PV modules / systems showcase Mono-crystalline Si, poly-crystalline Si, amorphous Si and hetero
junction Si modules
Aggregation of 4kW residential PV systems
Power generation:106kWh / year = 0.8% of total demand in the area
= 300 tons of CO2 reduction / year
8/6/2019 R&D on Innovative Solar Cells Koichi SAKUTA PV in AIST
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8/6/2019 R&D on Innovative Solar Cells Koichi SAKUTA PV in AIST
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EfficientLNG-fired plants
Superconductingpower transmission
SolarOil LNG Coal Nuclear Power BiomassEfficiency improvement Low carbon Tech
Efficient coal-firedpower plant
Advancednuclear power
Wind
Powergeneration/
transmission
Powergeneration/
transmission CCS
InnovativePhotovoltaics
Suppl
yside
Dem
andside
Hydrogen production/
storage/transportPower storage Power electronics
Cross-sectoral
Cross-sectoral
HEMS/BEMS/Regional EMS
Efficienthouses/bldgs.
Efficientlighting
Superheat pumps
Low energy ITdevices/networks
Fuel cells for
residential use
Residence
/Building
Residence
/Building
Innovative materials/manufacturing process
Steel-making process withhydrogen
IndustryIndustry
Key Innovative Energy Technologies toward Cool Earth 50
PHEV/EVITS FCVTransportTransport Biofuel
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2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Year
PV sys.PromotedPractical
Tech.
R&D on Innovative Solar Cellsfor 2050)
Verification of Grid Stabilization
with Large-scale PV PowerGeneration Systems
R&D for
Next Generation PV
Sys. (target at 2030)
Advanced Solar Cell Tech.
(target at 2010)
Grid-interconnection of clusteredPhotovoltaic Power Generation
PV Sys. Advanced
Manufacturing
Technology
PV Sys. Adv.
Practical Tech.
Grid
Co
nnection
Sho
rtterm
pro
gram
Innovative PV Tech.
(target at 2020, 2030)Mid-Long
term
program
Overview of NEDOs PV R&D program
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Objective:To achieve a photovoltaic power generation with a
conversion efficiency of more than 40% and an electricitygeneration cost of 7 JPY/kWh or less in around 2050.
Scheme:
Three Core Research Centers were selected (July 2008).
1. RC for Adv. Sci. & Tech., The University of Tokyo
2. RC for Photovoltaics, AIST
3. Tokyo Institute of Technology
Period: FY2008 - FY2014 (7 years)
Budget: 2.2 billion yen / 14 million euro (FY2008)
R&D on Innovative Solar Cells(International COE Program)
8/6/2019 R&D on Innovative Solar Cells Koichi SAKUTA PV in AIST
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Univ. Tokyo Group: Prof. Y. Nakano
Post-silicon solar cells for ultra-high efficiencies
Multi Junction, High concentrator, III-V Compounds, Intermediate Band,Quantum dots, New Concepts, New Materials
AIST Group: Dr. M. Kondo
Exploring novel thin multi-junction solar cells with highly-ordered structure Multi Junction, No concentrator, Thin ()c-Si(Ge), CIS, Light Management andTCO, Quantum dots, New Concepts, New Materials
Tokyo Tech Group: Prof. M. Konagai
Thin film full spectrum solar cells with low concentration ratios
Multi Junction, Low concentrator, Thin Films, Light Management and TCO,Quantum dots, New Concepts, New Materials
R&D on Innovative Solar Cells(FY2008-2014)
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AIST Group: Dr. M. Kondo
Exploring novel thin multi-junction solar cells with highly-ordered structure
Multi Junction, No concentrator, Thin ()c-Si(Ge), CIS, Light Management andTCO, Quantum dots, New Concepts, New Materials
TargetSolar cells with efficiency over 40% andSolar cells with cost below 7 yen/kWh
by 2050 with international collaboration.
TargetOver 25% efficiencies in 2015for Si-based triple-junction and compound-semiconductor-based
four-junction thin-film solar cells10% efficiencies in 2015
for single-junction solar cells using new concepts.
Usefulness of light-management technologies
will be shown by fabricating solar cells.
8/6/2019 R&D on Innovative Solar Cells Koichi SAKUTA PV in AIST
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Smart stack structure
Mechanicalstack Monolithic(latticematching)
smartstackstructure 22
TCO
Top cell
middle cell
bottom cell
Materials Component cells Stacked cell
Intermediatesubstrate
bonding
bonding
Back contact
h> 1.8 eV
1.8 >h> 1eV
1 >h> 0.7 eV
Mechanically
OpticallyElectrically
bonded
TCO
Top cell
middle cell
bottom cell
Materials Component cells Stacked cell
Intermediatesubstrate
bonding
bonding
Back contact
h> 1.8 eV
1.8 >h> 1eV
1 >h> 0.7 eV
Mechanically
OpticallyElectrically
bonded
8/6/2019 R&D on Innovative Solar Cells Koichi SAKUTA PV in AIST
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CIS-based 4Jcells
Si-based 3J cells
Novel conceptsand materials
Advanced lightmanagement
Wideand
narrow-g
ap
materials
Structure of project
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Scenario for industrializationWafer base c-Si
Thin film (Si, CIGS, CdTe)
1stGen.2
nd
Gen.3.1 Gen. 3.2 Gen.
X
20031954
B.C.
2014 2030 2050
New comers
Thin filmbase MJ
Waferbase MJThis project
Before c-Si
Feedback to current technology
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