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1.Steps in Balancing a Ration
• Nutrient requirements generally represent the minimum quantity of the nutrients that should be incorporated.
• Factors to be considered– Age– Sex– Body Size– Type of production– Intensity of production
2.Steps in Balancing a Ration• Ruminants: Determine
what feeds are available and list their respective nutrient compositions – Dry matter
– Protein
– Energy
– Phosphorus
– Calcium
– Vitamin A
– Vitamin D if confined
• Non ruminants same as Ruminant, but:– Dry matter
– Protein• Essential AA
– Energy• Essential Fatty acids
– Phosphorus
– Calcium
– Vitamin A,D, E and B complex
– Minerals
3.Steps in Balancing a Ration
• Feed cost
• Processing Cost
• Transportation Cost
• Storage Cost
• Antioxidant
• Refrigeration Cost
• Nutritive value loss with storage
4.Steps in Balancing a Ration
• Balance a ration that is useable.– Can they eat that much, can they utilize that source of
the ingredient.
• Limitation of feed ingredients– Consumption levels
– Limiting values such as: amount of forage that can be consumed.
– Wheat as percentage of diet
– Cottonseed limitations
5.Steps in Balancing a Ration
• Convert to Dry Matter Basis:1. Conversion of feed nutrients from an as fed to a
dry matter basis:– a. Assume alfalfa silage analyzed 7 % crude
protein on an as-fed basis and contained 40% dry matter. What percent crude protein would the alfalfa contain when expressed on a dry matter basis? The solution for this example can be obtained by the following equation:
– % Nutrient ( As fed basis) = % Nutrient (dry matter basis)
% Feed Dry Matter 100 % dry matter
Methods of Formulation
• Square Method (Pearson Square)
• Trial and Error
• Simultaneous Equation Method
• 2 X 2 Matrix method
• Computer Method
• WAG Method – not recommended
Feeds Available
Ingredient
(As Fed basis)
TDN (%) Crude Protein (%)
Alf. Hay, All Analysis 51.0 16.0Corn Silage 18.0 2.2Corn All Analysis 80.0 9.9Oats, all analysis 69.0 11.9Soybean Meal, 44% 76.0 44.4
Holstein Cow TDN and CP Req.1433 lb BW, 65 lbs of milk, 4% Butter fat
TDN (lbs.)
Crude Protein
(lbs) (g)
Maintenance 9.94 0.94 428
Milk Production
20.9 5.87 2,665
Total 30.84 6.81 3,093
Needs
Determining Consumption
• Cow will eat about 2 % of her body weight in forage– 2 % X 1433 = 28.66 lbs– 1.2 – 2 % of her body weight in Concentrate [ ].– Hay is 14#– Corn Silage is 14 #
• 40 X 35% (DM) = 14 #
From Forage
TDN Crude Protein (Lb.)
Alfalfa, Hay 7.14 2.24
Corn Silage 7.2 0.88
Total from Forage
14.34 3.12
Trial and Error Conc. Mix.
TDN CP
Corn, 700 # 560.0 69.30
Oats, 280 # 193.2 33.3
Monosodium Phosphate
- -
Salt - -
Total 753.2 102.60
Percent 75.3 10.3
Needs from Concentrate Mix
• Divide TDN from concentrate (16.5) by the % TDN in the mixture (75.3).– 16.5/0.753 = 21.9 lbs of TDN to meet energy
req.
• Multiply 21.9 times 10.3% CP in mix– 21.9 X .103 = 2.26– 3.69 (needed) – 2.26 = 1.43 still needed
• Substitute 175 # of SBOM to concentrate mix. In place of that amount of corn .
Trial and Error Conc. Mix.Weight
(lbs.)
TDN CP
Corn 525 420.0 52.0
Oats 280 193.2 33.3
Soybean Oil Meal (SBOM)
175 133.0 77.7
Monosodium Phosphate
10 - -
Salt 10 - -
Total 1000 746.2 163.0
Percent 74.6 16.3
Trial and error - Guess
• 16.5 lbs / .746 = 22.1 of conc to supply 16.5 lbs of TDN
• 3.69 lbs protein needed/ .163 of protein = 22.63 = 22.63.
• Therefore, we feed 22.63 lbs of concentrate to meet all requirements with a little extra energy.
SuppliedLbs.
Intake
DM
(lbs)
TDN Crude Protein(CP)
Alfalfa, 90% DM
14 12.6 7.1 2.2
Corn Silage,35% DM
40 14 7.2 0.9
Conc. Mix,
90% DM
22.63 20.37 16.9 3.7
Total 76.63 46.97 31.2 6.8
Holstein Cows consumption
• Cows will eat approximately 3.0 to 4.0 % of the body weight in dry matter depending on the stage of lactation.
• 2 % from Forage and the remainder from Concentrate mixes.
• Next we need to figure the NDF amount to see what level of forage she can consume. Consume.
• 1.2 % BW in NDF with 0.9 % from Forages and 0.3 % from Concentrates.
NDF requirements
• 1.2 % X 1433 = 17.2 lbs NDF
• 0.9 % BW from forage = 12.9– 12.6 X 55.0 = 6.93– 14.0 X 59.0 = 8.26
15.19
Pearson’ Square
• Simple nutrient needs are met with simple feed formulas.
• Lesser values are subtracted from greater values.
• Recorded diagonally.• One feed must have a value higher than the
desired value and one must have a value lower than the desired value.
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