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by Matthias Rupp
Presentation in International Management - Master of Science in Energy Systems - FH Aachen, summer term 2012
Rare Earths
The Conflict
Germany‘s Strategies
- What are Rare Earths? - Resources and Consumers - Prices - Usage of Rare Earths
- Facts - Development - Reasons beyond… - Effects
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- „Rohstoffstrategie - „Allianz zur Rohstoffsicherung“ - Exploration project in Sachsen - „Ressourcen-Effizienz“
Source: http://www.spiegel.de
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What are Rare Earths?
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set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table
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Source: http://library.thinkquest.org
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Source: http://library.thinkquest.org
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set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table
fifteen lanthanides
Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodynium Promethium
Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium
Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
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set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table
fifteen lanthanides
plus scandium and yttrium
- tend to occur in the same ore
deposits as the lanthanides - exhibit similar chemical properties
Rare earths are not „rare“ !!! (the elements occur mostly in a lot of widely scattered minerals or are mixed with other minerals. So it is hard to mine them.)
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Source: http://www.ggz.ch (2010)
Currently estimated resources [Mio. t]
Known recoverable reserves [Mio. t]
Existing planned mines
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Source: http://www.usgs.gov/
Mining 2010 Production planned
in the short term Further large deposits
China 120.000 t
India 2.700 t
Brasil 650 t
Malaysia 380 t
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Share of world mining of rare earths:
97 %
1.
2. 3.
2,1 % 0.5 %
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The 3 major importers/consumers of rare earths are
- Japan: 34.330 t
- EU: 23.013 t
- USA: 20.663 t
91 %
90 %
91 %
Share of imports from China:
14
Imports of rare earths by the European Union member states
38%
24%
16%
8%
8% 2% 2% 2%
France
Austria
Netherlands
Germany
Great Britain
Spain Belgium Italy
Source: http://www. oeko.de
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Prices are risen since the last 10 years…
Source: http://www. Metal-Pages.com
Lig
ht
rare
eart
hs
Heavy r
are
eart
hs
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…and within 2011
Source: http://www. Metal-Pages.com
Lig
ht
rare
eart
hs
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Heavy r
are
eart
hs
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28% 19%
Source: http://www. oeko.de
18%
19%
9% 7%
Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodynium Promethium
Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium
Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
Scandium Yttrum
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Glass, polishing, ceramics
- Polishing compounds
- Colouring and decolouring
agent in glass
- Stabilizer in ceramics
- Ceramic capacitors
- UV adsorption
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Metal alloys, batteries
- Alloys for steel and iron casting
- Super alloys
- Flint ignition devices
- NiMH-battery
- Fuel cell
- H2-storage
- Light weight construction
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Magnets
- Motors and generators
Wind turbines
Electric vehicles
Hybrid vehicles
- Hard Discs
- MRI
- Speakers
- Magnetic cooling
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Catalysts
- Automotive catalysts
- Catalysts in refining and
chemical processing
- Diesel additive
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Phosphors, Luminescence
- Energy efficient lighting
- LED
- LCD
- Plasma display
- Laser
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Others
- Water treatment
- Pigments
- Fertiliser
- Nuclear technology
- Defence
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Toyota Prius
Source: http://www. arizonageology.blogspot.com
26 Σ ≈ 1 kg
Yearly production of Toyota Prius in 2010: 1.1 Mio Demand for rare earth for 1 car: 1 kg Toyota‘s yearly demand for rare earths : 1.1 tons (only for model Prius!)
Source: http://www.dailystar.com
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Remember: 97% of mined production of
rare earths in 2010 came out of China!
China has a monopoly on
rare earths!
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September 2009: China announced plans to reduce its export quota by 35,000 tons per year in 2010–2015 Reasons: - conserve scarce resources - protect environment
October 2010: further reduction of quotas* for rare earth exports by 30 percent Reason: - “protect the precious metals from over- exploitation” source: www. thehill.com
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* A restriction imposed by a government on the amount or number of goods or services that may be exported within a given period
September 2009
October 2010
End 2010: China decreased first round of export quotas in 2011 for rare earths by 14,446 tons (35% decrease from the previous first round of quotas in 2010)
July 2011: China announced further export quotas for the second half of the year (total production capped at 93,800 tons)
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September 2009
October 2010
End 2010:
July 2011:
September 2011: China announced the stop in production of 3 of its 8 major rare earth mines (responsible for almost 40% of China's total rare earth production)
Begin 2012: chinese trade ministry announced to reduce rare earth exports in first half year by 10.546 tons (27% less than in 2011)
Furthermore: Reduction of rare earth exporting companies from 26 to 11
Why?
„China wants to increase the prices for rare earths
because they dropped in the 2nd half of 2011 caused by the world economic slump“
source:www.spiegel.de
Remember:
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China wants to…
…promote its own industry
…attract foreign technology companies to China
…improve its technical know how – e.g. for renewable energy technique or
electrical engineering
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Which effects does this have
on global market?
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Increase of rare earths prices
Shortage on global market
Development of industry of rare earth importing countries is handicapped or even blocked
e.g. future technologies
EU, USA and Japan called the WTO to react on China’s export restrictions China announced to fight for their strategy (Currently China accepted a defeat by WTO concerning export restrictions of Zink and Magnesium)
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…but what are exactly Germany‘s
strategies to prevent shortage of rare earths?
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Federal Government tries to contract partnership agreements with resource rich countries as - Mongolia - Kazakhstan - Chile - Peru
The deal: Raw materials for technical know how
1st step, 2012
2nd step
supports industrialization
oil, gas, gold, uranium, rare earths
5th largest raw material reserves
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Recently founded by 12 German companies, among others ThyssenKrupp, Bayer, BMW and Daimler
Goal: Setup of participations on raw material projects (mainly in European countries) to ensure the supply of german industry
Estimation: Raw materials stored in Europe have a value of about 100 billion €
Supported by the Federal Government („Roffstoffstrategie“)
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Thousands of tons rare earths stored
Already found in the 70s
Deutsche Rohstoff AG started already drilling (1st end of March)
It has to be decided, if mining will ever start requires high technical know how and expensive equipment
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Concept of the Federal Government
Goal: „Increase the efficiency of resources by market incentives, research, innovation and consulting“ (source: Federal Environment Ministry)
„Masterplan for sustainable growth“ (source: Norbert Röttgen, Federal Minister for Environment)
e.g.: Expansion of recycling economy: Imagine: Every EU-Citizen produces 17 kg electronic scrap per year (2020: 24kg) Improve recycling of the scrap
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…and what do other countries
to prevent shortage of raw
materials?
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Goal: Secure stable supply of raw materials
Key business policy: - Funding for international mineral exploration
- Loan guarantees for high-risk mineral projects
- Stockpiling
- Information gathering
Toyota: - has already ensured the whole yield of the Indian „Ganjam-project“
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Why is the view concerning „rare
earths“ only pointed on China?
Russia and the USA have also
large resources but they don‘t
mine them.
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Thank you for your
attention!
http://www.spiegel.de
http://library.thinkquest.org
http://www.ggz.ch
http://www.usgs.gov
http://www. oeko.de
http://www. Metal-Pages.com
http://www. arizonageology.blogspot.com
http://www.dailystar.com
http:// www. thehill.com
http:// www. toyota.de
http:// www. lynascorp.com
http:// www. wikipedia.com
VDI-Nachrichten
45
Only main sources are listed up (e.g. every source of each small picture is not listed up)
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