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Punctuation
Make It Your Ally; It’s Powerful
Punctuation We’ll Cover Today
▪ Commas (,)
▪ Semicolons (;)
▪ Colons (:)
▪ Dashes (--)
▪ Hyphens (-)
The Six Most-Common Comma Rules
Between Two Independent Clauses Patrick loves baseball, and he coaches his son’s team. FANBOYS: For, And, Nor, But, Yet, So For an Introduction In the morning, she runs with her dog. When she lied, he left her. For a List or Series We need punch, balloons, and cupcakes. For a Nonessential Element The park, which has a lake, is a mile away.
Commas Rules . . .
▪ For Direct Address
Lorelei, I want you to come here.
I want you, Lorelei, to come here.
I want you to come here, Lorelei.
Between Two Adjectives Before a Noun
The sweet, old lady is rich and will die soon.
The red brick building is beautiful.
Semicolons
▪ To Separate Two Independent Clauses With No Conjunction
Semeli loves to cook; she even takes cooking classes.
To Separate Items That Have Internal Punctuation
We visited Dublin, Ireland, Barcelona, Spain, Rome, Italy.
What’s wrong with the above sentence?
We visited Dublin, Ireland; Barcelona, Spain; Rome, Italy.
We should have these items on hand: plates, cups, forks; paper, pens, erasers; candy, cupcakes, ice cream.
Colons
▪ To Introduce a Long Quote
▪ When the Second Independent Clause Explains the First
She loved her class: It made her think, and she learned.
To Introduce a List but It Can’t Follow a Verb
We need these items for the office party: cups, plates, and forks.
We need: cups, plates and forks.
Hyphen
▪ To Unify Elements
second-place team
tenth-anniversary party
first-period class
Dashes
▪ To Separate for Emphasis
Exhausted – she collapsed after work.
He asked her to marry him – finally!
That student – the one in the green shirt – drives me nuts!
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