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LEARNING
04/08/23 copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 2
What is Learning?
• Learning: – The process by which experience or practice
results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior.
Behavior and Fear Conditioning
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVJMhk4oANM&feature=related
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Behaviorists
• Look at how people respond to the things in their environment that affect them.
• Don’t think it is important to study one’s– Inner needs– Thoughts – Feelings– Motives
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Associative Learning (Stimulus Response)
• People learn to associate events– Lighting– Thunder
• 2 types of Associative Learning– Classical Conditioning
• Stimulus from environment > reflexive response from subject
– Operant Conditioning• Behavior from subject > response from
environment
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Classical Conditioning
• Classical conditioning– Form of learning that occurs when 2
stimuli—a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus—that are paired (presented together) become associated with each other.
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Ivan Pavlov & Classical Conditioning
• (1849-1936)• Russian
physiologist• Studied digestion • Psychology
hopeless as an independent science.
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Pavlov Cont.
• Serendipity • Noticed dogs salivated before food
presented• Sounded bell before feeding dogs• Dogs salivated at sound of bell whether food
or not.• Ringing a bell alone would not ordinarily
produce salivation.• Classical conditioning has been
demonstrated in all species.
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Classical Conditioning
• Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)– Stimulus that automatically produces
response without any previous training.• Meat
– Naturally salivate when anticipate eating» Naturally & automatically elicit response
• Lighter to your finger– Automatically pull away
» Fire unconditioned stimulus» Stimulus > Response
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Classical Conditioning
• Unconditioned response (UCR)– Reaction that is automatically produced when
an unconditioned stimulus is presented.• Unlearned naturally occurring response
– Dog• Unconditioned response was salivation
– Lighting your finger• Unconditioned response pull away
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Classical Conditioning
• A neutral stimulus (NS)– Stimulus that, before conditioning, does not
elicit a particular response.– Dog
• Bell– Does not naturally & automatically produce a response
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Classical Conditioning
• Conditioned stimulus (CS)– Neutral stimulus that acquires ability to elicit a
conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
– Dog• Paired sound of bell with meat
– Tone no longer neutral stimulus» Conditioned stimulus
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Classical Conditioning
• Conditioned response (CR)– Response elicited by a conditioned stimulus
that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus; it is similar to the unconditioned response.
– Several pairings of the NS and UCS during an acquisition phase lead to a situation in which the CS presented by itself elicits a CR.
• Bell > Salivation • Wouldn’t naturally salivate at sound of bell
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Classical Conditioning Cont.
• Neurological change occurs before eating.
• Dopamine in addicts is released even before they get the drug in anticipation of receiving it.
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Classical Conditioning Cont.
• Sound of a can opener• Fish swim fast when knock on the aquarium.• Taught the fish to have a physiological
response to the tapping. • Learned tap = food • Consistent• Short time interval• * Conduct experiment on Crunch.
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Classical Conditioning in Humans
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Classical Conditioning in Humans
• Advertising using Classical Conditioning?– Taught to pair what with what?
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Classical Conditioning
• John Watson & Rosalie Rayner– Demonstrated
• Emotions can be learned by classically conditioning
– 9-month-old Little Albert to fear a white rat.
• Every time Albert reached for rat– Struck steel bar
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Classical Conditioning in Humans
• Rosalie Rayner & John Watson (1920'S)• Conditioning Little Albert to fear white rat. • Not ethical by present-day standards.
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Classical Conditioning in Humans
• Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
• Loud noise– No learning
• Conditioned Stimulus (CS)– Rat
• Unconditioned Response (UCR)
• Fear (of loud noise)– No learning
• Conditioned Response (CR)– Fear of rat
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Little Albert Cont.
• Generalized
• Became frightened of
–White animals
–Stuffed animals
–Fur coats
–Santa Claus beards
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Classical Conditioning in Humans
• Discrimination– Ability to tell difference between similar
stimuli.• Rat not the same as fur coat
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Mary Cover Jones (1924)
• 3 yr. Old Peter
• Afraid of white rats
• Placed cage at a distance
• Gave child candy
• Each day moved cage closer
• Candy + white rat = pleasure
• Rat conditioned stimulus for pleasure
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Classical Conditioning
• Optimum sequence for CS to precede the UCS (by about .50 second).
• Stronger the UCS, stronger the conditioning.
• More times the CS & UCS are presented together– Stronger the CR becomes
• Steel bar hit every time you touch the rat
• *Complete crunch experiment
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Classical Conditioning Cont. Aversion Therapy
• A type of Classical Conditioning technique for reducing or eliminating behavior by pairing the behavior with an unpleasant stimulus. – Antibuse – Squirrels hot pepper
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Classical Conditioning Cont.
• Extinction: Weakening of associations.
• Dog door story
–Open all the time
–Open sometimes
–Closed all the time
–Behavior becomes extinct
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Classical Conditioning• Extinction• General term for a reduction & eventual disappearance of a
behavior • Process of getting rid of a conditioned response• Classical conditioning
– Extinction occurs when repeated presentation of CS alone leads to a decrease in the strength of the CR.
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Classical Conditioning• Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance
of an extinguished CR after the passage of time.
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Spontaneous Recovery
• Dog door– Dog stops checking– One day checks again– Extinction
• Car– Battery dead– Stop checking– Check again– Extinction
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Classical Conditioning
• Many of our fears and anxieties may have been classically conditioned.
• A phobia is an irrational fear of an activity, object, or situation that is out of proportion to the actual danger it poses.
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Desensitization Therapy
• Joseph Wolpe, 1973
• Fear of flying– Hierarchy of
fear
– Pair item with relaxation
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Classical Conditioning
• Taste-aversion learning refers to the development of a dislike or aversion to a flavor or food that has been paired with illness.
• Garcia Effect
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Operant Conditioning
• Also known as instrumental conditioning, an organism operates on its environment to produce a change.
• Teaches subjects to associate behaviors with their consequences– Subject acts first– Environment responds to the action
• Classical Conditioning– Environment acts first by triggering or eliciting a
response from subject
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Operant Conditioning
• Behaviors more likely to be repeated if they are followed by a reward or an incentive to do it again.
• Less likely to be repeated if followed by a punishment.– Principles apply to both Operant &
Classical Conditioning• Extinction• Generalization• Discrimination
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Edward Thorndike
• Studied behavior of animals– Placed them in a
small chamber• Puzzle box
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Thorndike's Puzzle Box
• Did not know how to escape.
• 1st cats explored restlessly, meowed.
• Eventually stepped on the foot switch accidentally– Trap door opened. – On succeeding trials,
they operated the switch faster.
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Edward Thorndike
• Believed that when cat stumbled upon a behavior that produced a desirable effect– Created a link or associative bond between
• Stimulus (in this case, being in the cage)• Response (stepping on the switch).
– Later, in the same stimulus situation response occurred faster.
• Thorndike’s Law of Effect – People are more likely to do things when
the consequences feel good.
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Operant Conditioning
• Example:
–Training a dog to roll over.
–How did you do it?
–What steps did you take?
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Shaping
• Reinforcing successive approximations to the desired behavior.
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Operant Conditioning
• B.F. Skinner influenced by Thorndike, & John B. Watson’s behavioral view of psychology.
• Watson– If we could understand how to
• Predict • Control behavior
– Would know all there was to know about psychology.
• Skinner looked for the stimuli that control behavior.
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Operant Conditioning Chamber or Skinner Box.
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Skinner
• Skinner box recorded– How fast– How often
• Pressed the bar
– Taught animals weird behaviors to get food• Reward• Used shaping
– Operant Conditioning• Subject acts first• Reward from environment• If subject likes reward will probably repeat behavior
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Operant Conditioning
• Reinforcer – Event or stimulus that increases the frequency of
the response that it follows.
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Reinforcers
• Primary Reinforcers– Food– Hour extra sleep– Something that feels good & satisfying all by
itself.• Secondary Reinforcers
– Not satisfying all by themselves– Learn they are worth repeating a behavior
• Money / Concert tickets– By themselves not fun
» Buy fun stuff» See a show with the tickets
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Reinforcers
• Positive reinforcers– Gives subject something
• More likely that a behavior will be repeated– Food– Money– Concert tickets– Praise
• Presented after the target response occurs.
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Reinforcers
• Negative reinforcers– Events or stimuli that are removed
because a response has occurred.• Takes away something unpleasant
– Example Skinner Box• Rat gets shock
• Press bar to stop shock– Behavior reinforced when the pain of the
current stops
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Operant Conditioning
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Operant Conditioning
• Punisher– Stimulus that
produces a decrease in responding
– May take the form of presentation of a stimulus or termination of a stimulus.
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Operant Conditioning
• Punishment– Process of using a punisher to decrease
response rate.
• Punishment is not an especially effective means of altering behavior. – May repeat the behavior but not in the
presence of the punisher– Sometimes creates fear & aggression– Doesn’t encourage desired behavior– RAT EXPERIMENT!!``````````````
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Cognitive and Social Perspectives On Learning
• Latent learning occurs when learning has taken place, but is not demonstrated.
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Cognitive and Social Perspectives On Learning
• Latent learning occurs when learning has taken place, but is not demonstrated.
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Cognitive and Social Perspectives On Learning
• Observational learning (modeling)– Learning that occurs through watching &
imitating the behaviors of others.• Parents• See person doing the behavior reinforced for the
behavior– Gold & silver class watch teacher do what you have
been trying to do easier.
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Cognitive and Social Perspectives On Learning
• Keys to observational learning– Participant identifies with the person being
observed.
• Vicarious reinforcement or vicarious punishment. – Put ourselves in the other person’s place for a
moment– Better able to imagine the effects of the
reinforcer or punisher. • Brown eye, blue eye study
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Cognitive and Social Perspectives On Learning
• Attempts to influence behavior through observational learning occur every day (along with efforts based on classical conditioning).
• Observational learning– Used to reduce or eliminate phobias.
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