Principles of Ecology - Biology Chapter 2 Presentation

Section 2.1

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Section 2.1

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Section 2.1

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Ch 1: Principles of Ecology

2.1 - Organisms and their Environment

Section 2.1

Inside This Section...

Section 2.1

What is Ecology?

Inside This Section...

Section 2.1

What is Ecology?

Levels of Organization

Inside This Section...

Section 2.1

What is Ecology?

Levels of Organization

Living Relationships

Inside This Section...

What is Ecology?

Section 2.1

The systematic study of Organisms and their Interactions with the Environment

What is Ecology?

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The systematic study of Organisms and their Interactions with the Environment

Reveals the relationships between Living and Nonliving parts of the environment

What is Ecology?

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What is Ecology?

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Ecology is Multidisciplinary. It combines:

What is Ecology?

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Ecology is Multidisciplinary. It combines:

Geology

Physics

Chemistry

Mathematics

Others

What is Ecology?

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Organisms CANNOT exist in isolation

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Organisms CANNOT exist in isolation

They depend on each other for survival

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Organisms CANNOT exist in isolation

They depend on each other for survival

They also depend on Nonliving things

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The Nonliving Environment

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Abiotic Factors: All of the nonliving parts of the environment

The Nonliving Environment

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Abiotic Factors: All of the nonliving parts of the environment

Examples: Rocks, Sand, Water, Rainfall, Sunlight, etc.

The Nonliving Environment

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The Living Environment

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Biotic Factors: All of the Living things that inhabit an environment

The Living Environment

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Biotic Factors: All of the Living things that inhabit an environment

Examples: Animals, plants, insects, etc

The Living Environment

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5 Levels of Organization

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5 Levels of Organization

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Organism

5 Levels of Organization

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Organism

Populations

5 Levels of Organization

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Organism

Populations

Communities

5 Levels of Organization

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Organism

Populations

Communities

Ecosystems

5 Levels of Organization

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Organism

Populations

Communities

Ecosystems

Biosphere

What is an Organism??

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What is an Organism??

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Populations

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A group of organisms that live together and interbreed, living in the same place at the same time.

Populations

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A group of organisms that live together and interbreed, living in the same place at the same time.

How organisms share their resources determines how far apart they live and how big the population gets.

Populations

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Communities

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Coyote and Antelope in Yellostone Park

A community is made up of several populations that interact.

Communities

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Coyote and Antelope in Yellostone Park

A community is made up of several populations that interact.

A change in one population of a community will cause changes in another population.

Communities

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Coyote and Antelope in Yellostone Park

Ecosystem

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An ecosystem is made up of a collection of interactions among the populations in a community and their abiotic factors.

Ecosystem

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An ecosystem is made up of a collection of interactions among the populations in a community and their abiotic factors.

Three types of ecosystems

Ecosystem

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An ecosystem is made up of a collection of interactions among the populations in a community and their abiotic factors.

Three types of ecosystems

Terrestrial

Ecosystem

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An ecosystem is made up of a collection of interactions among the populations in a community and their abiotic factors.

Three types of ecosystems

Terrestrial

Freshwater

Ecosystem

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An ecosystem is made up of a collection of interactions among the populations in a community and their abiotic factors.

Three types of ecosystems

Terrestrial

Freshwater

Saltwater

Ecosystem

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Biosphere

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The portion of Earth that supports life.

Biosphere

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The portion of Earth that supports life.

This portion extends from the bottom of the ocean to high in the atmosphere.

Biosphere

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The portion of Earth that supports life.

This portion extends from the bottom of the ocean to high in the atmosphere.

If you could shrink the Earth to the size of an apple the biosphere would be the size of an apple peel.

Biosphere

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What is a Habitat?

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A habitat is the place where an organism lives out its life.

What is a Habitat?

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A habitat is the place where an organism lives out its life.

Grasslands, Deserts, the ocean floor are examples of habitats.

What is a Habitat?

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What is a Niche?

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A niche is the role and position a species has in its environment-how it meets its needs for food and shelter, how it survives, and how it reproduces.

What is a Niche?

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A niche is the role and position a species has in its environment-how it meets its needs for food and shelter, how it survives, and how it reproduces.

It is an advantage for a species to occupy a different niche than another.

What is a Niche?

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Symbiosis (Living Relationships)

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Tapeworm

Some species enhance their chances of survival by forming relationships with other species

Symbiosis (Living Relationships)

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Tapeworm

Some species enhance their chances of survival by forming relationships with other species

There are three types of Living relationships (symbiotic relationships)

Symbiosis (Living Relationships)

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Tapeworm

Symbiotic Relationships

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Commensalism: A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited

Symbiotic Relationships

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Commensalism: A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited

Mutualism: When both species benefit from the relationship.

Symbiotic Relationships

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Commensalism: A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited

Mutualism: When both species benefit from the relationship.

Parasitism: When one organism benefits from harming the other organism.

Symbiotic Relationships

Section 2.1

Ch 1: Principles of Ecology

2.2 - Nutrition and Energy Flow

Section 2.2

Inside This Section...

Section 2.2

The Source of Energy

Inside This Section...

Section 2.2

The Source of Energy

Consumers and Producers

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Section 2.2

The Source of Energy

Consumers and Producers

Cycles in Nature

Inside This Section...

Where does Energy come From?

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The power to run, to wake up in the morning, to think, and anything else a living organism does requires energy.

Where does Energy come From?

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The power to run, to wake up in the morning, to think, and anything else a living organism does requires energy.

Ultimately we will see that all energy comes from the sun.

Where does Energy come From?

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X-Ray of the Sun

Producers vs. Consumers

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Pyrachantha Berries

Producers are able to use energy from the sun to make food

Producers vs. Consumers

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Pyrachantha Berries

Producers are able to use energy from the sun to make food

A.K.A. Autotrophs

Producers vs. Consumers

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Pyrachantha Berries

Producers are able to use energy from the sun to make food

A.K.A. Autotrophs

Examples are plants and some weird bacteria that we call chemosynthetic autotrophs.

Producers vs. Consumers

Section 2.2

Pyrachantha Berries

Producers vs. Consumers

Section 2.2

Moose feeding on Fireweed

Consumers need to Eat in order to get energy

Producers vs. Consumers

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Moose feeding on Fireweed

Consumers need to Eat in order to get energy

A.K.A. Heterotrophs

Producers vs. Consumers

Section 2.2

Moose feeding on Fireweed

Consumers need to Eat in order to get energy

A.K.A. Heterotrophs

Examples are Animals

Producers vs. Consumers

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Moose feeding on Fireweed

Types of Heterotrophs

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Scavengers: Rely on the efforts of others to find their foods. E.g. Vultures

Types of Heterotrophs

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Scavengers: Rely on the efforts of others to find their foods. E.g. Vultures

Herbivores: Eat only plants. E.g. cows

Types of Heterotrophs

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Scavengers: Rely on the efforts of others to find their foods. E.g. Vultures

Herbivores: Eat only plants. E.g. cows

Carnivores: Animals that eat other animals. E.g. Cats

Types of Heterotrophs

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Scavengers: Rely on the efforts of others to find their foods. E.g. Vultures

Herbivores: Eat only plants. E.g. cows

Carnivores: Animals that eat other animals. E.g. Cats

Omnivores: Animals that eat both plants and other animals. E.g. Bears, humans.

Types of Heterotrophs

Section 2.2

Scavengers: Rely on the efforts of others to find their foods. E.g. Vultures

Herbivores: Eat only plants. E.g. cows

Carnivores: Animals that eat other animals. E.g. Cats

Omnivores: Animals that eat both plants and other animals. E.g. Bears, humans.

Decomposers: Break down and use nutrients from dead organisms. E.g. Fungi

Types of Heterotrophs

Section 2.2

Food Chains

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Food chains are the pathways of energy and matter through all organisms in an ecosystem.

Food Chains

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Food chains are the pathways of energy and matter through all organisms in an ecosystem.

Matter is in the form of nutrients that organisms require.

Food Chains

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Food chains are the pathways of energy and matter through all organisms in an ecosystem.

Matter is in the form of nutrients that organisms require.

When one organism eats another it receives the nutrients and energy from the organism it ate.

Food Chains

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How Food Chains Look

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Nutrition and energy start with autotrophs and proceed to heterotrophs and eventually to decomposers.

How Food Chains Look

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Nutrition and energy start with autotrophs and proceed to heterotrophs and eventually to decomposers.

Every link in the chain only has about 10% of its total energy available for the next link in the chain. (3-5 links)

How Food Chains Look

Section 2.2

Nutrition and energy start with autotrophs and proceed to heterotrophs and eventually to decomposers.

Every link in the chain only has about 10% of its total energy available for the next link in the chain. (3-5 links)

How Food Chains Look

Section 2.2

Trophic Levels

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Producers

Primary Consumers

Secondary Consumers

TopCarnivores

Trophic levels are feeding steps in the food chain.

Trophic Levels

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Producers

Primary Consumers

Secondary Consumers

TopCarnivores

Trophic levels are feeding steps in the food chain.

A food chain represents only one possible route for the transfer of energy in an ecosystem.

Trophic Levels

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Producers

Primary Consumers

Secondary Consumers

TopCarnivores

Food Webs

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Food webs are models that are used to describe all the possible feeding relationships among animals.

Food Webs

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Food webs are models that are used to describe all the possible feeding relationships among animals.

These are more realistic than food chains because they show how animals rely on more than one type of food.

Food Webs

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Section 2.2

Ecological Pyramids

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An ecological pyramid is a model that is used to show the distribution of matter and energy in an ecological system.

Ecological Pyramids

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An ecological pyramid is a model that is used to show the distribution of matter and energy in an ecological system.

Autotrophs are on the bottom followed by heterotrophs as you move up.

Ecological Pyramids

Section 2.2

Cycles in Nature

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There is a law in science that says that matter can never be created nor destroyed.

Cycles in Nature

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There is a law in science that says that matter can never be created nor destroyed.

Thus the atoms that make up the nutrients we need to live must be recycled.

Cycles in Nature

Section 2.2

The Water Cycle

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Condensation: When water in the air condenses on an object cooler than the air.

The Water Cycle

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Condensation: When water in the air condenses on an object cooler than the air.

Evaporation: When water is turned into a vapor.

The Water Cycle

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Condensation: When water in the air condenses on an object cooler than the air.

Evaporation: When water is turned into a vapor.

Precipitation: Rain,snow, and hail are good examples.

The Water Cycle

Section 2.2

Condensation: When water in the air condenses on an object cooler than the air.

Evaporation: When water is turned into a vapor.

Precipitation: Rain,snow, and hail are good examples.

Transpiration: When water passes through plants into the air as water vapor.

The Water Cycle

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Section 2.2

The Nitrogen Cycle

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Even though the air contains 78% Nitrogen, plants can not use Nitrogen in that form.

The Nitrogen Cycle

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Even though the air contains 78% Nitrogen, plants can not use Nitrogen in that form.

Lightning and certain bacteria convert Nitrogen in the air into a more useable form for plants.

The Nitrogen Cycle

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Even though the air contains 78% Nitrogen, plants can not use Nitrogen in that form.

Lightning and certain bacteria convert Nitrogen in the air into a more useable form for plants.

Fertilizer is a useable form of Nitrogen for plants.

The Nitrogen Cycle

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Where does all energy ultimately come from?

What do you call it when water turns to vapor?

What do you call organisms that need to eat in order to get energy?