Preview 8-1 Connecting ideas with and 8-2 Connecting ideas with but and or

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Preview8-1 Connecting ideas with and8-2 Connecting ideas with but and or8-3 Connecting ideas with so8-4 Using auxiliary verbs after but and and8-5 Using and + too, so, either, neither8-6 Connecting ideas with because8-7 Connecting ideas with even though/although

CONTENTS.

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8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND

We had salmon, asparagus,

and salad for dinner.

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8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND

CONNECTING ITEMS WITHIN A SENTENCE

(a) NO COMMA: I ate an apple and a banana.

(b) COMMA: I ate an apple a banana and a pear., ,

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and connects two words NO COMMA

and connects three or more COMMAS

8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND

CONNECTING ITEMS WITHIN A SENTENCE

(a) NO COMMA: I ate an apple and a banana.

(b) COMMA: I ate an apple a banana and a pear., ,

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8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND

CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES

(c) COMMA: I ate an apple and you ate a pear.,

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and connects two sentences COMMA

8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND

CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES

(c) COMMA: I ate an apple and you ate a pear.,

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8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND

CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES

(d) PERIOD: I ate an apple You ate a pear.

(e) INCORRECT: I ate an apple, you ate a pear.

.

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8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND

CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES

(d) PERIOD: I ate an apple You ate a pear.

(e) INCORRECT: I ate an apple, you ate a pear.

.

period two complete sentences no “and”

no comma

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8-1 LET’S PRACTICE

I like lettuce and tomato on my cheeseburger.

COMMANO COMMA

COMMAS?

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8-1 LET’S PRACTICE

I speak Hindi and you speak Swedish.

COMMANO COMMA

COMMAS?

,

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8-1 LET’S PRACTICE

I like lettuce tomato and cheese

on my hamburger.

COMMANO COMMA

COMMAS?

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8-1 LET’S PRACTICE

I like lettuce tomato and cheese

on my hamburger.

COMMANO COMMA

COMMAS?

, ,

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8-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR

I studied for the test, but I failed.

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8-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR

(a) The team played well but didn’t win.

(b) Is it going to rain or snow?

(c) Would you like peas carrots squash?

(d) All went to the picnic but Ahmad.

and, but and or “conjunctions”

connect items

commas series of three or more

, , or

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8-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR

(d) I had the flu but I didn’t feel sick.

(e) Did you have the flu or was it just a cold?

I had the flu. = a sentenceI didn’t feel sick. = a sentence

,

,

two complete sentences with but or or

comma

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8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO

Abdullah got a new bike, so he went for

a ride.

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8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO

, so

two independent clauses

(a) She was tired, so she took a nap.

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8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO

So results:

cause: She was tired.

result: She took a nap.

(a)She was tired, so she took a nap.

class practice

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8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO

(a) She was tired, so she took a nap.

(b) COMPARE: She was tired, but she didn’t take a nap.

but unexpected result

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8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND

He likes pizza, but I don’t.

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(a) I don’t play tennis, but Jim does.

(b) I like racketball, but Jim doesn’t.

(c) I won’t be leaving, but Nazan will.

(d) Yi-When has been to Rome, but Jen hasn’t.

(e) She isn’t at school, but he is.

8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND

does = play tennis

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(f) I don’t play tennis, and Jim doesn’t either.

(g) I like racketball, and Jim does too.

(h) I won’t be leaving, and Azan won’t either.

(i) John has been to Rome, and Jen has too.

(j) She isn’t at school, and he isn’t either.

8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND

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I don’t play tennis, and Jim doesn’t either.

class practice

I won’t be leaving, and Azan won’t either.

I don’t play tennis, but Jim does.

8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND

negative + but + affirmative

affirmative + but + negative

I like racketball, but Jim doesn’t.

negative + and + negative

negative + and + negative

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8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER

Ms. Poulos plays the violin,

and her daughter does too.

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8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER

(a) Hayat likes dogs, and Sajid does too. subj + aux + TOO

(b) Hayat likes dogs, and so does Sajid.

class practice

SO + aux + subj

same meaning

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8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER

(c) Bob doesn’t like dogs, and Jay doesn’t either.

subj + aux + EITHER

(d) Bill doesn’t like dogs, and neither does Jay.

class practice

NEITHER + aux + subj

same meaning

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8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER

I am too.

same meaning

(e) I’m happy that we are cooking together. So am I.

(f) I’m happy that we are cooking together.

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8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER

I don’t either.

(g) I don’t like bread.

Neither do I.

(h) I don’t like bread.

same meaning

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8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER

Me too.

(i) I like fruit.

Me neither.

(j) I don’t like bread.

informalEnglish

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8-5 LET’S PRACTICE

Emma Jay

Amy

too

Amy is wearing highheels, and _______________________.

Emmais too

June

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8-5 LET’S PRACTICE

June

Emma Jay

Amy

Amy wears highheels, and _______________________.

so doesEmma

so

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8-5 LET’S PRACTICE

June

Emma Jay

Amy

Jay doesn’t havelong hair, and________________.neither does Amy

neither

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8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE

They are happy because they bought a new house.

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8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE

(a) She is smiling because she is happy.

because cause reason

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complete sentence

8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE

(b) MAIN CLAUSE: She is smiling.

(c) ADVERB CLAUSE: because she is happy.

because + subject + verb = an adverb clause

complete sentence

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8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE

(d) She is smiling because she is happy.

(no comma)

MAIN CLAUSE ADVERB CLAUSE

main clause + no comma + adverb clause

(e) Because she is happy, she is smiling.

(comma)

MAIN CLAUSEADVERB CLAUSE

adverb clause + comma + main clause

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8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE

(d) She is smiling because she is happy.

(no comma)

MAIN CLAUSE ADVERB CLAUSE

(e) Because she is happy, she is smiling.

(comma)

MAIN CLAUSEADVERB CLAUSE

same meaning

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8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE

(f) INCORRECT IN WRITING:

She is smiling. Because she is happy.

must be connected to a main clause

Written?

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8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE

(g) CORRECT IN SPEAKING:

Why is helaughing?

Because I told him a joke.

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8-6 LET’S PRACTICE

CORRECT INCORRECT?OR

Her eyes are watering. Because she is sick.

CORRECT

Her eyes are watering ________________.

OR

Because she is sick, __________________her eyes are watering.

because she is sick

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8-6 LET’S PRACTICE

CORRECT INCORRECT ?OR

The woman is happy because she loves her English class.

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8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH / ALTHOUGH

Even though we were tired,

we didn’t rest.

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(a) Even though I was very sad, I didn’t cry. I did not cry even though I was very sad.

8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH / ALTHOUGH

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(a) Even though I was very sad, I didn’t cry. I did not cry even though I was very sad.

(b) Although I was very sad, I didn’t cry. I did not cry although I was very sad.

even thoughalthough

samemeaning

adverb clause

8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH / ALTHOUGH

+

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(c) Because I was very sad, I cried.

(d) Even though I was very sad, I did not cry.

because expected result

even thoughalthough

unexpected result

COMPARE:

8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH / ALTHOUGH