Preview 8-1 Connecting ideas with and 8-2 Connecting ideas with but and or

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Preview8-1 Connecting ideas with and8-2 Connecting ideas with but and or8-3 Connecting ideas with so8-4 Using auxiliary verbs after but and and8-5 Using and + too, so, either, neither8-6 Connecting ideas with because8-7 Connecting ideas with even though/although

CONTENTS.

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8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND

We had salmon, asparagus,

and salad for dinner.

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CONNECTING ITEMS WITHIN A SENTENCE

(a) NO COMMA: I ate an apple and a banana.

(b) COMMA: I ate an apple a banana and a pear., ,

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and connects two words NO COMMA

and connects three or more COMMAS


CONNECTING ITEMS WITHIN A SENTENCE

(a) NO COMMA: I ate an apple and a banana.

(b) COMMA: I ate an apple a banana and a pear., ,

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CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES

(c) COMMA: I ate an apple and you ate a pear.,

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and connects two sentences COMMA



(c) COMMA: I ate an apple and you ate a pear.,

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(d) PERIOD: I ate an apple You ate a pear.

(e) INCORRECT: I ate an apple, you ate a pear.

.

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(d) PERIOD: I ate an apple You ate a pear.

(e) INCORRECT: I ate an apple, you ate a pear.

.

period two complete sentences no “and”

no comma

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8-1 LET’S PRACTICE

I like lettuce and tomato on my cheeseburger.

COMMANO COMMA

COMMAS?

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I speak Hindi and you speak Swedish.

COMMANO COMMA

COMMAS?

,

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I like lettuce tomato and cheese

on my hamburger.

COMMANO COMMA

COMMAS?

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I like lettuce tomato and cheese

on my hamburger.

COMMANO COMMA

COMMAS?

, ,

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8-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR

I studied for the test, but I failed.

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(a) The team played well but didn’t win.

(b) Is it going to rain or snow?

(c) Would you like peas carrots squash?

(d) All went to the picnic but Ahmad.

and, but and or “conjunctions”

connect items

commas series of three or more

, , or

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(d) I had the flu but I didn’t feel sick.

(e) Did you have the flu or was it just a cold?

I had the flu. = a sentenceI didn’t feel sick. = a sentence

,

,

two complete sentences with but or or

comma

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8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO

Abdullah got a new bike, so he went for

a ride.

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, so

two independent clauses

(a) She was tired, so she took a nap.

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So results:

cause: She was tired.

result: She took a nap.

(a)She was tired, so she took a nap.

class practice

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(a) She was tired, so she took a nap.

(b) COMPARE: She was tired, but she didn’t take a nap.

but unexpected result

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8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND

He likes pizza, but I don’t.

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(a) I don’t play tennis, but Jim does.

(b) I like racketball, but Jim doesn’t.

(c) I won’t be leaving, but Nazan will.

(d) Yi-When has been to Rome, but Jen hasn’t.

(e) She isn’t at school, but he is.


does = play tennis

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(f) I don’t play tennis, and Jim doesn’t either.

(g) I like racketball, and Jim does too.

(h) I won’t be leaving, and Azan won’t either.

(i) John has been to Rome, and Jen has too.

(j) She isn’t at school, and he isn’t either.


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I don’t play tennis, and Jim doesn’t either.

class practice

I won’t be leaving, and Azan won’t either.

I don’t play tennis, but Jim does.


negative + but + affirmative

affirmative + but + negative

I like racketball, but Jim doesn’t.

negative + and + negative

negative + and + negative

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8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER

Ms. Poulos plays the violin,

and her daughter does too.

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(a) Hayat likes dogs, and Sajid does too. subj + aux + TOO

(b) Hayat likes dogs, and so does Sajid.

class practice

SO + aux + subj

same meaning

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(c) Bob doesn’t like dogs, and Jay doesn’t either.

subj + aux + EITHER

(d) Bill doesn’t like dogs, and neither does Jay.

class practice

NEITHER + aux + subj

same meaning

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I am too.

same meaning

(e) I’m happy that we are cooking together. So am I.

(f) I’m happy that we are cooking together.

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I don’t either.

(g) I don’t like bread.

Neither do I.

(h) I don’t like bread.

same meaning

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Me too.

(i) I like fruit.

Me neither.

(j) I don’t like bread.

informalEnglish

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Emma Jay

Amy

too

Amy is wearing highheels, and _______________________.

Emmais too

June

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June

Emma Jay

Amy

Amy wears highheels, and _______________________.

so doesEmma

so

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June

Emma Jay

Amy

Jay doesn’t havelong hair, and________________.neither does Amy

neither

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8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE

They are happy because they bought a new house.

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(a) She is smiling because she is happy.

because cause reason

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complete sentence


(b) MAIN CLAUSE: She is smiling.

(c) ADVERB CLAUSE: because she is happy.

because + subject + verb = an adverb clause

complete sentence

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(d) She is smiling because she is happy.

(no comma)

MAIN CLAUSE ADVERB CLAUSE

main clause + no comma + adverb clause

(e) Because she is happy, she is smiling.

(comma)

MAIN CLAUSEADVERB CLAUSE

adverb clause + comma + main clause

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(d) She is smiling because she is happy.

(no comma)

MAIN CLAUSE ADVERB CLAUSE

(e) Because she is happy, she is smiling.

(comma)

MAIN CLAUSEADVERB CLAUSE

same meaning

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(f) INCORRECT IN WRITING:

She is smiling. Because she is happy.

must be connected to a main clause

Written?

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(g) CORRECT IN SPEAKING:

Why is helaughing?

Because I told him a joke.

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CORRECT INCORRECT?OR

Her eyes are watering. Because she is sick.

CORRECT

Her eyes are watering ________________.

OR

Because she is sick, __________________her eyes are watering.

because she is sick

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CORRECT INCORRECT ?OR

The woman is happy because she loves her English class.

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8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH / ALTHOUGH

Even though we were tired,

we didn’t rest.

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(a) Even though I was very sad, I didn’t cry. I did not cry even though I was very sad.


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(a) Even though I was very sad, I didn’t cry. I did not cry even though I was very sad.

(b) Although I was very sad, I didn’t cry. I did not cry although I was very sad.

even thoughalthough

samemeaning

adverb clause


+

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(c) Because I was very sad, I cried.

(d) Even though I was very sad, I did not cry.

because expected result

even thoughalthough

unexpected result

COMPARE:


Documents

Preview 8-1 Connecting ideas with and 8-2 Connecting ideas with but and or