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Presented By:
M Rameez Ur
Rahman
Khawar ramzan
Farooq usman zia
Ateeq ahmad
Zohaib
Bs(EE) 5B
WIND POWER
1. What is Energy
2. Sources of Energy
3. Introduction to Wind Energy
4. History
5. Types of Wind Power
6. Types of Wind Turbines
7. Mechanism
8. Construction and Equipment
9. Working
10. Typical Wind Turbine Operation
11. Vertical and Horizontal Turbines
12. Advantages and Disadvantages
13. Power in Wind
14. Wind Energy – A Need of Pakistan
CONTENTS
Physicists, who are scientists who study
force, motion and energy, say that energy is
the ability to do work, and work is moving
something against a force, like gravity. There
are a lot of different kinds of energy in the
universe, and that energy can do different
things .
ENERGY
Sun
Water
Coal
Wind
Geo-Thermal
Bio-Mass
Tidal
Nuclear
MAIN SOURCES OF ENERGY
All renewable energy (except tidal and geothermal power), ultimately comes from the sun
The earth receives 1.74 x 10^17 watts of power (per hour) from the sun
About one or 2 percent of this energy is converted to wind energy (which is about 50-100 times more than the energy converted to biomass by all plants on earth)
INTRODUCTION
To be considered a good location for
wind energy, an area needs to have
average annual wind speeds of at least
12 miles per hour
INTRODUCTION CONTD
1 A.D.
Hero of Alexandria uses a wind machine to power an organ
400 A.D.
Wind driven Buddhist prayer wheels
1850’s
Multi -blade turbines for water pumping made and marketed in U.S.
1888:
Charles Brush builds first large -size wind electricity generation turbine (17 m diameter wind rose configuration, 12 kW generator
HISTORY
Key attr ibutes of th is per iod:
• Scale increase
• Commercial ization
• Competit iveness
• Gr id integrat ion
Catalyst for progress: OPEC Cr is is (1970s)
• Economics
• Energy independence
• Env ironmental benefi ts
Turbine Standardizat ion: Turbine Standardizat ion:
• 3-blade Upwind
• Horizontal - Axis
• on a monopole towe
BRIEF HISTORY MODERN ERA
The amount of power available in the wind is determined by the equation:
w = 1/2 *r* A* v^3 w is power, r is air density, A is the rotor area, and v is the wind speed. This equation states that the power is equal to one-half, times the air density, times the rotor area, times the cube of the wind speed. Air density varies according to elevation, temperature and weather fronts.
FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF WIND POWER
INCREASINGLY SIGNIFICANT POWER SOURCE
The major types of wind power are:
Utility-scale wind: wind turbines larger than 100
kilowatts are developed with electricity delivered
to the power grid and distributed to the end user
by electric utilities or power system operators
Distributed or "small" wind: which uses turbines
of 100 kilowatts or smaller to directly power a
home, farm or small business as it primary use
Offshore wind: which are wind turbines erected
in bodies of water around the world.
TYPES OF WIND POWER
TYPES OF WIND TURBINES ACCORDING TO
POWER
Small (10 kW) • Homes • Farms • Remote Applications
(e.g. water pumping, telecom sites, icemaking)
Large (250 kW - 2+MW)
• Central Station Wind Farms
• Distributed Power
Intermediate
(10-250 kW)
• Village Power
• Hybrid Systems
• Distributed Power
Rotor must move more rapidly to capture same amount of wind
• Gearbox ratio reduced
• Added weight of counterbalance negates some benefits of lighter design
• Higher speed means more noise,visual,and wildlife impacts
Blades easier to install because entire rotor can be assembeled on ground
Capture 10% less energy than two blad design
Ultimately provide no cost saving
WIND TURBINES WITH ONE BLADE
Advantages and
disadvantages
similar to one blade
Gyroscopic forces
imbalances
Capture 5% less
energy than three
blade design
WIND TURBINES WITH TWO BLADES
balance of
gyroscopic forces
Slower rotation
• Increase gearbox
and transmission
cost
• More aesthatic,less
noise
WIND TURBINES WITH THREE BLADES
When wind blows past a turbine, the
blades capture the energy and rotate.
This rotation triggers an internal shaft
to spin, which is connected to a
gearbox increasing the speed of
rotation.
The gearbox is connect to a generator
that ultimately produces electricity
MECHANISM
Parts of a wind turbine:
1. Foundation
2. Tower
3. Nacelle
4. Rotor blade
5. Hub
6. Transformer (this is not a part of the Wind Turbine)
CONSTRUCTION
In order to guarantee the stability of a
wind turbine a pile or flat foundation is
used, depending on the consistency of
the underlying ground.
The tower construction doesn’t just
carry the weight of the nacelle and the
rotor blades, but must also absorb the
huge static loads caused by the varying
power of the wind.
TOWER AND FOUNDATION
The rotor is the component which, with the help of the rotor blades, converts the energy in the wind into rotating mechanical movement.
Currently, the three-blade, horizontal axis rotor dominates.
The rotor blades are mainly made of glass-fiber or carbon-fiber.
The blade profile is similar to that of an airplane wing.
They use the same principle of aero-lift.
ROTOR AND ROTOR BLADES
The nacelle holds all the turbine machinery.
Turbine machinery consists of gearbox,
generator, drive train, coupling and brake
assembly to the rotor.
It rotates to follow the wind direction.
It is connected to the tower via bearings.
NACELLE
The gearbox converts the rotor motion of 18-
50 rpm into the approx. 1,500 rpm which the
generator requires.
The gearbox thus takes on the task of
matching the rotation speeds of the slow-
moving rotor and the fast-moving generator,
and generally has several steps to cover for
various wind conditions.
GEARBOX
For high power wind turbines, doubly -fed
asynchronous generators are most
frequently used.
The operating rotation speed can be varied
somewhat, unlike when using conventional
asynchronous generators.
GENERATOR
Because of the enormous torque, the coupling
between the main shaft and the transmission
is a rigid one.
The type of brake depends on the control
mechanism for the blades.
COUPLING AND BRAKE
These are composed of the generator, the system for the grid in feed of the electricity, and various sensors.
Sensors include:
• Temperature Sensor
• Wind Direction Sensor
• Wind Speed Sensor
• Fault Sensor in nacelle
• Control and Monitoring
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT
The wind turbine contains components for
following the wind direction, for cooling,
heating and lightning protection, as well
as lifting gear (e.g. winches for spare
parts) and fire extinguishing equipment.
OTHER COMPONENTS
WORKING OF TURBINES
Wind Blade rotates Rotor rotates Generator
shaft rotates
Produce electricity
Step-up transformer
3 phase high voltage/low
current
Transmission lines
Grid station Distribution
lines Step down
transformer For home use
0-5 m/s : Wind Speed is too low for generation power. Turbine is not operational. Rotor is locked.
5-15 m/s : 5 m/s is the minimum operational speed. It is called “Cut -in speed”. In 10 -25 mph wind generated power increases with the wind speed.
15-25 m/s : Typical wind turbines reach the rated power at wind speed of 15 m/s.
>25 m/s : Turbine is shut down when speed is higher than 50 mph (called “Cut -Out” speed) to prevent structure failure
TYPICAL WIND TURBINE OPERATION
TYPES OF WIND TURBINE ACCORDING TO
DESIGN
HORIZONTAL AXIS TURBINES
Environmental
Economic Development
Fuel Diversity & Conservation
Cost Stability
WIND POWER ADVANTAGES
No air pollution
No greenhouse gasses
Does not pollute water with mercury
No water needed for operations
ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
Expanding Wind Power development brings
jobs to rural communities
Increased tax revenue
Purchase of goods & services
ECONOMIC DDEVELOPMENT BENEFITS
Domestic energy source
Inexhaustible supply
Small, dispersed design
FUEL DIVERSITY BENEFITS
Flat-rate pricing
Wind electricity is inflation-proof
COST STABILITY BENEFITS
Siting
Noise
Intermittent source of power
Transmission limitations
Operational characteristics different
from conventional fuel sources
Financing
Predicting the wind -- we’re getting
better
WIND DISADVANTAGES
Birds of Prey (hawks, owls, golden eagles) in
danger
Altamont Pass – News Update – from Sept
22-1995
• shut down all the turbines for at least two
months each winter
• eliminate the 100 most lethal turbines
• Replace all before permits expire in 13 years
BIRDS:A SERIOUS OBSTACLE
Now-a-days Pakistan is suffering from a great downfall of energy that is causing a great loss in all walks of life.
Now Pakistan need a permanent and reliable source of energy, i.e. THE WIND ENERGY
There are many sites in Pakistan e.g (Cholistan,Thar,Seasides) that are compatible for installing the Wind Turbines.
In future, if Pakistan work on this permanent source of energy, In Sha ALLAH, we will overcome this shortfall of energy.
WIND ENERGY IN PAKISTAN
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