Presented By:

M Rameez Ur

Rahman

Khawar ramzan

Farooq usman zia

Ateeq ahmad

Zohaib

Bs(EE) 5B

WIND POWER

1. What is Energy

2. Sources of Energy

3. Introduction to Wind Energy

4. History

5. Types of Wind Power

6. Types of Wind Turbines

7. Mechanism

8. Construction and Equipment

9. Working

10. Typical Wind Turbine Operation

11. Vertical and Horizontal Turbines

12. Advantages and Disadvantages

13. Power in Wind

14. Wind Energy – A Need of Pakistan

CONTENTS

Physicists, who are scientists who study

force, motion and energy, say that energy is

the ability to do work, and work is moving

something against a force, like gravity. There

are a lot of different kinds of energy in the

universe, and that energy can do different

things .

ENERGY

Sun

Water

Coal

Wind

Geo-Thermal

Bio-Mass

Tidal

Nuclear

MAIN SOURCES OF ENERGY

All renewable energy (except tidal and geothermal power), ultimately comes from the sun

The earth receives 1.74 x 10^17 watts of power (per hour) from the sun

About one or 2 percent of this energy is converted to wind energy (which is about 50-100 times more than the energy converted to biomass by all plants on earth)

INTRODUCTION

To be considered a good location for

wind energy, an area needs to have

average annual wind speeds of at least

12 miles per hour

INTRODUCTION CONTD

1 A.D.

Hero of Alexandria uses a wind machine to power an organ

400 A.D.

Wind driven Buddhist prayer wheels

1850’s

Multi -blade turbines for water pumping made and marketed in U.S.

1888:

Charles Brush builds first large -size wind electricity generation turbine (17 m diameter wind rose configuration, 12 kW generator

HISTORY

Key attr ibutes of th is per iod:

• Scale increase

• Commercial ization

• Competit iveness

• Gr id integrat ion

Catalyst for progress: OPEC Cr is is (1970s)

• Economics

• Energy independence

• Env ironmental benefi ts

Turbine Standardizat ion: Turbine Standardizat ion:

• 3-blade Upwind

• Horizontal - Axis

• on a monopole towe

BRIEF HISTORY MODERN ERA

The amount of power available in the wind is determined by the equation:

w = 1/2 *r* A* v^3 w is power, r is air density, A is the rotor area, and v is the wind speed. This equation states that the power is equal to one-half, times the air density, times the rotor area, times the cube of the wind speed. Air density varies according to elevation, temperature and weather fronts.

FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF WIND POWER

INCREASINGLY SIGNIFICANT POWER SOURCE

The major types of wind power are:

Utility-scale wind: wind turbines larger than 100

kilowatts are developed with electricity delivered

to the power grid and distributed to the end user

by electric utilities or power system operators

Distributed or "small" wind: which uses turbines

of 100 kilowatts or smaller to directly power a

home, farm or small business as it primary use

Offshore wind: which are wind turbines erected

in bodies of water around the world.

TYPES OF WIND POWER

TYPES OF WIND TURBINES ACCORDING TO

POWER

Small (10 kW) • Homes • Farms • Remote Applications

(e.g. water pumping, telecom sites, icemaking)

Large (250 kW - 2+MW)

• Central Station Wind Farms

• Distributed Power

Intermediate

(10-250 kW)

• Village Power

• Hybrid Systems

• Distributed Power

Rotor must move more rapidly to capture same amount of wind

• Gearbox ratio reduced

• Added weight of counterbalance negates some benefits of lighter design

• Higher speed means more noise,visual,and wildlife impacts

Blades easier to install because entire rotor can be assembeled on ground

Capture 10% less energy than two blad design

Ultimately provide no cost saving

WIND TURBINES WITH ONE BLADE

Advantages and

disadvantages

similar to one blade

Gyroscopic forces

imbalances

Capture 5% less

energy than three

blade design

WIND TURBINES WITH TWO BLADES

balance of

gyroscopic forces

Slower rotation

• Increase gearbox

and transmission

cost

• More aesthatic,less

noise

WIND TURBINES WITH THREE BLADES

When wind blows past a turbine, the

blades capture the energy and rotate.

This rotation triggers an internal shaft

to spin, which is connected to a

gearbox increasing the speed of

rotation.

The gearbox is connect to a generator

that ultimately produces electricity

MECHANISM

Parts of a wind turbine:

1. Foundation

2. Tower

3. Nacelle

4. Rotor blade

5. Hub

6. Transformer (this is not a part of the Wind Turbine)

CONSTRUCTION

In order to guarantee the stability of a

wind turbine a pile or flat foundation is

used, depending on the consistency of

the underlying ground.

The tower construction doesn’t just

carry the weight of the nacelle and the

rotor blades, but must also absorb the

huge static loads caused by the varying

power of the wind.

TOWER AND FOUNDATION

The rotor is the component which, with the help of the rotor blades, converts the energy in the wind into rotating mechanical movement.

Currently, the three-blade, horizontal axis rotor dominates.

The rotor blades are mainly made of glass-fiber or carbon-fiber.

The blade profile is similar to that of an airplane wing.

They use the same principle of aero-lift.

ROTOR AND ROTOR BLADES

The nacelle holds all the turbine machinery.

Turbine machinery consists of gearbox,

generator, drive train, coupling and brake

assembly to the rotor.

It rotates to follow the wind direction.

It is connected to the tower via bearings.

NACELLE

The gearbox converts the rotor motion of 18-

50 rpm into the approx. 1,500 rpm which the

generator requires.

The gearbox thus takes on the task of

matching the rotation speeds of the slow-

moving rotor and the fast-moving generator,

and generally has several steps to cover for

various wind conditions.

GEARBOX

For high power wind turbines, doubly -fed

asynchronous generators are most

frequently used.

The operating rotation speed can be varied

somewhat, unlike when using conventional

asynchronous generators.

GENERATOR

Because of the enormous torque, the coupling

between the main shaft and the transmission

is a rigid one.

The type of brake depends on the control

mechanism for the blades.

COUPLING AND BRAKE

These are composed of the generator, the system for the grid in feed of the electricity, and various sensors.

Sensors include:

• Temperature Sensor

• Wind Direction Sensor

• Wind Speed Sensor

• Fault Sensor in nacelle

• Control and Monitoring

ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT

The wind turbine contains components for

following the wind direction, for cooling,

heating and lightning protection, as well

as lifting gear (e.g. winches for spare

parts) and fire extinguishing equipment.

OTHER COMPONENTS

WORKING OF TURBINES

Wind Blade rotates Rotor rotates Generator

shaft rotates

Produce electricity

Step-up transformer

3 phase high voltage/low

current

Transmission lines

Grid station Distribution

lines Step down

transformer For home use

0-5 m/s : Wind Speed is too low for generation power. Turbine is not operational. Rotor is locked.

5-15 m/s : 5 m/s is the minimum operational speed. It is called “Cut -in speed”. In 10 -25 mph wind generated power increases with the wind speed.

15-25 m/s : Typical wind turbines reach the rated power at wind speed of 15 m/s.

>25 m/s : Turbine is shut down when speed is higher than 50 mph (called “Cut -Out” speed) to prevent structure failure

TYPICAL WIND TURBINE OPERATION

TYPES OF WIND TURBINE ACCORDING TO

DESIGN

HORIZONTAL AXIS TURBINES

Environmental

Economic Development

Fuel Diversity & Conservation

Cost Stability

WIND POWER ADVANTAGES

No air pollution

No greenhouse gasses

Does not pollute water with mercury

No water needed for operations

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

Expanding Wind Power development brings

jobs to rural communities

Increased tax revenue

Purchase of goods & services

ECONOMIC DDEVELOPMENT BENEFITS

Domestic energy source

Inexhaustible supply

Small, dispersed design

FUEL DIVERSITY BENEFITS

Flat-rate pricing

Wind electricity is inflation-proof

COST STABILITY BENEFITS

Siting

Noise

Intermittent source of power

Transmission limitations

Operational characteristics different

from conventional fuel sources

Financing

Predicting the wind -- we’re getting

better

WIND DISADVANTAGES

Birds of Prey (hawks, owls, golden eagles) in

danger

Altamont Pass – News Update – from Sept

22-1995

• shut down all the turbines for at least two

months each winter

• eliminate the 100 most lethal turbines

• Replace all before permits expire in 13 years

BIRDS:A SERIOUS OBSTACLE

Now-a-days Pakistan is suffering from a great downfall of energy that is causing a great loss in all walks of life.

Now Pakistan need a permanent and reliable source of energy, i.e. THE WIND ENERGY

There are many sites in Pakistan e.g (Cholistan,Thar,Seasides) that are compatible for installing the Wind Turbines.

In future, if Pakistan work on this permanent source of energy, In Sha ALLAH, we will overcome this shortfall of energy.

WIND ENERGY IN PAKISTAN