POST CLASSICAL PERIOD 600-1450

POST CLASSICAL PERIOD

600-1450Trade and Faith Define

An Age

600-1450 Topics600-1450 Topics•Break– fall of classical empires•Spread of great world religions•Medieval world•Growth of trade/interaction •Renaissance

600-1450 Chapter 600-1450 Chapter TopicsTopics

•6-8—Islam and its spread•8—Africa•9—Eastern Europe•10—Medieval Europe•11—Americas•12—Chinese Renaissance•13—Japan, Korea and Vietnam•14—Mongols•15—Beginning of European Renaissance

600-1450 Themes600-1450 Themes•Questions of periodization

–Nature and causes of changes in the world history framework leading up to 600 C.E.—1450 as a period–Emergence of new empires and political systems

•(e.g., Umayyad, ‘Abbasid, Byzantium, Russia, Sudanic states, Swahili Coast, Tang, Song, and Ming China, Delhi Sultanate, Mongol, Turkish, Aztec, Inca)

–Continuities and breaks within the period

•(e.g., the effects of the Mongols on international contacts and on specific societies)

600-1450 Themes600-1450 Themes•The Islamic world

–The rise and role of Dar al-Islam as a unifying cultural and economic force in Eurasia and Africa–Islamic political structures, notably the caliphate–Arts, sciences, and technologies

600-1450 Themes600-1450 Themes•Interregional networks and contacts

–Development and shifts in interregional trade, technology, and cultural exchange–Trans-Sahara trade–Indian Ocean trade–Silk Roads–Economic innovations

•e.g., Tang, Song, and early Ming China, Swahili Coast trade, economic systems in the Americas

–Missionary outreach of major religions–Contacts between major religions, e.g., Islam and Buddhism, Christianity and Islam–Impact of the Mongol empires

600-1450 Themes600-1450 Themes•Political systems and cultural patterns

–East Asia•China’s expansion •Chinese influence on surrounding areas and its limits (Japan, Vietnam, and Korea) •Change and continuities in Confucianism

–The Americas•Apex and decline of the Maya •Rise of the Aztec •Rise of the Inca

–Restructuring of Europe•Decentralization—medieval society •Division of Christianity •Revival of cities

–Africa •Sudanic empires (Mali, Ghana, Songhay) •Swahili coast

–South Asia and Southeast Asia •Delhi Sultanate

–Vietnam•Arts, sciences, and technologies

600-1450 Themes600-1450 Themes•Demographic and environmental changes

–Impact of migrations on Afro-Eurasia and the Americas

•e.g., Aztecs, Mongols, Turks, Vikings, and Arabs

–Consequences of plague pandemics in the fourteenth century–Growth and role of cities

•e.g., the expansion of urban commercial centers in Song China and administrative centers in Africa and the Americas

600-1450 Themes600-1450 Themes•Diverse interpretations

–What are the issues involved in using cultural areas rather than states as units of analysis?–What are the sources of change: nomadic migrations versus urban growth?–Was there a world economic network in this period?–Were there common patterns in the new opportunities available to and constraints placed on elite women in this period?–To what extent was Dar al-Islam a unified cultural/political entity?

600-1450 600-1450 Major Comparisons and Analyses: Major Comparisons and Analyses:

ExamplesExamples•Compare the role and function of cities in major societies•Analyze gender systems and changes, such as the effects of Islam•Analyze the interactions between Jews, Christians, and Muslims•Compare developments in political and social institutions in both eastern and western Europe•Compare Japanese and European feudalism•Compare European and sub-Saharan African contacts with the Islamic world•Analyze the Chinese civil service exam system and the rise of meritocracy

600-1450 600-1450 Examples of the types of information students are expected to Examples of the types of information students are expected to

know contrasted with examples of what students are not know contrasted with examples of what students are not expected to know for the multiple-choice section:expected to know for the multiple-choice section:

•Arab caliphate, but not the transition from Umayyad to ‘Abbasid•Mamluks, but not Almohads•Feudalism, but not specific feudal monarchs such as Richard I•Land management systems, but not the European three-field system •Crusading movement and its impact, but not specific crusades•Viking exploration, expansion, and impact, but not individual explorers•Mongol expansion and its impact, but not details of specific khanates•Papacy, but not particular popes•Indian Ocean trading patterns, but not Gujarati merchants•Neoconfucianism, but not the specific contribution of Zhu Xi

Development of systematic Development of systematic interactions between interactions between

civilizations – civilizations – Trade ContactsTrade Contacts

•1000 – dependable trade routes – regular product exchange.•N to S and W to E routes – exchange of technologies and ideas – cultural diffusion. Ie. Arabic numerals from India

trade contacts continued …trade contacts continued …

•Travel increases during this period

– Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo

•Americas: way behind–No disease contact–No technological contact–No animal exchange–Did not use bronze or iron

Development of systematic Development of systematic interactions between civilizations interactions between civilizations

– – Spread of World ReligionsSpread of World Religions

• Buddhism, Christianity, Islam (most important in the numbers affected)

• Spread across cultural/political boundaries (missionaries, trade…)

– Large numbers convert– Syncretic conversion

• Accept new beliefs but keep some of their own

– Religious map of Eurasia set

IslamIslam•Rise of Arab Islam•Becomes first world class superpower

–Before this best was probably India

Why convert to new Why convert to new religions?religions?

• Decline of classical empires– More chaos, death rates

increase• China

– Buddhism created decline in secular thought

• Fervency of missionaries• Governments used

Christianity for power – i.e., Vladimir in Russia became

Christian

Religions That Were Not Religions That Were Not GlobalGlobal

•Hinduism–Did not travel well outside of India

•Needed the Caste System•Guptas favored Hinduism within India

•Daoism–No missionary qualities

•Shintoism (Japan)–No missionary qualities

Spread of CivilizationSpread of Civilization• Spreads to other areas• Number of definable

civilizations increases• Because of disunity of

Mediterranean world

7 Civilization Areas 7 Civilization Areas by 1450by 1450

•Expanded East Asia•S. and S.E. Asia•W. Asia (Middle East and N. Africa)•Sub Saharan Africa•Eastern Europe•Western Europe•Americas

3 types of civilization3 types of civilization• Most developed

– Middle East, North Africa, India, Byzantine Empire

– Classical past to build on– Most trade– Centralized politically– The “developed” world

3 types of civilization3 types of civilization• Less developed

– Japan, Russia, W. Europe, E. Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, S & E Asia

– Some world trade – less processed goods

– More decentralized politically• Not as large bureaucracies

– Active, self-conscious imitators of developed civilizations• Copied social and cultural things:

religion, alphabets, art

less developed continued …less developed continued …

–Copied technology and political structure

•Didn’t do a good job of it

–What Western Europe copied from Islam

•Gothic arch was Islamic arch•Law•Science and math•Role of reason

Least developedLeast developed•Americas

–Not in contact with world or world religions–Didn’t matter until contact occurred– Had their own achievements but not as good as first and second tier countries

Women – good and badWomen – good and bad

•Good–Spread of world religions – Christianity/ Islam / Buddhism–Men and women share spiritual equality –Equality not a belief in Classical society

•Patriarchal society

women continued …women continued …•Bad

–Politically and economically – major deterioration in the life of women–Veiling – originally from Mesopotamia–Sati – wife on funeral pyre–Footbinding (women as ornamental)

What IS and ISN’T in This What IS and ISN’T in This TimeTime

•Religion is in control•Politics not as important•Not many technological developments•Population growth only in some regions

Change and continuity:Change and continuity:What changes in the Post What changes in the Post Classical in relation to the Classical in relation to the

Foundations Period?Foundations Period?

•Islam•Trade patterns•Some change in India•Least change in China

POST CLASSICAL PERIOD

600-1450Trade and Faith Define

An Age