600 - 1450

600 - 14501What were the major changes/developments from 600 1450?2600 1450 Major DevelopmentsSpread of Major ReligionsRise of New World Religion - IslamRise of Dar al-IslamCaliphates (Umayyad, Abbasid, Mamluk)New and more regular Trade SystemsTrans-Saharan TradeIndian Ocean Trade (Monsoons)Silk Roads Mongol EmpireViking Explorations , Expansion, and ImpactPandemics 14th Century3What were some of the major continuities from 600 -1450?4Continuities 600 - 1450Classical cultures were maintained or revivedSlavery continued to be a major part of many social systems and continued to be a major type of labor systemThere was no systematic change to social structures and political systemsEx. Landlords remained dominant in most societiesPeasants continued to make up the bulk of the population5What were the major global processes from 600 1450?6Global Processes 600-1450Silk RoadTrans-Saharan Trade RoutesIndian Ocean Trade RoutesMuslim CaliphatesMongol EmpireBubonic Plague7What were the major civilizations from 600 1450?8Major Civilizations 600 - 1450East Asia: Tang, Song, MingSouth Asia: Delhi SultanateSoutheast Asia: VietnamThe Americas: Maya, Aztec, IncaWest Africa (Sudan): Ghana, Mali, SonghaySwahili City-States9Must-Know Dates 600 14501063211632Rise of Islam1273213732Battle of Tours (end of Muslim move into France)1410541510541st Schism in Christian Church161066171066Norman conquest of England181071191071Battle of Manzikert (Seljuk Turks defeat Byzantines)2010952110951st Crusade221258231258Mongols sack Baghdad241271-1295251271-1295Marco Polo Travels261324271324Mansa Musas pilgrimage281325 - 1349291325 - 1349Travels of Ibn Battuta301347 - 1348311347 - 1348Bubonic plague in Europe321433331433End of Zheng Hes voyages Rise of Ottomans34Unit 2 600-1450 Key Terms Review35 (750 C.E.) The Sunni dynasty that overthrew the Umayyads as caliphs36The Abbasids37(632-634 C.E.) The first caliph; one of Muhammad's earliest followers and closest friends38Abu Bakr 39The 4th caliph the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad Caused warfare between the Sunnis and Shi'a for not punishing the murderer of the 3rd caliph, Uthman40Ali 41Kingdom located in Ethiopian highlands;defeated the kingdom of Kush around 300 B.C.E. and succeeded by Ethiopia. Received strong influence from Arabian peninsulaeventually converted to Christianity42Axum43Capital of the Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq 44Baghdad 45 (October 25, 732) Charles Martel, the Frankish Leader went against an Islamic army led by Emir Abd er Rahman; the Islamic army was defeated The battle stopped the northward advancement from Spain46Battle of Tours 47 Eastern Half of Roman Empire following collapse of western half of old empireretained Mediterranean culture, particularly Greekcapital at Constantinople48Byzantine Empire 49Political and religious successors to Muhammad50Caliphs51AKA Charles the "Hammer"; led the the Battle of Tours and saved Europe from the Islamic expansion. (732 C.E.)52Charles Martel53 (Formulated 14th century) Way of the Warrior for Japanese samuraisdefined service and conduct appropriate to their status54Code of Bushido55series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms56The Crusades57Social codes of knighthood that originated in France in the Middle Ages associated with ideals of knightly virtues, honor and of courtly love came to known as gentlemanly conduct.58Code of Chivalry59male monarch/emperor of Russia60Czar/ Tsar61warlord rulers of 300 small kingdoms following Onin War and disruption of Ashikaga Shogunate62Daimyo63 Islamic shrine in Jerusalem; believed to be the site where Muhammad ascended to Heaven64Dome of the Rock65a family/group that maintains power for several generations66Dynasty67system where lords provided protection/aid to serfs in return for labor68Feudalism 69obligatory religious duties of all Muslims:confession of faithprayer (5 times a day facing Mecca)fasting during Ramadan zakat (tax for charity)hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)70Five Pillars of Islam 71 (1170s 1227) from 1206 leader of all Mongol tribesresponsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China and territories as far west as the Abbasid regions72Genghis Khan 73one of four subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after Genghis Khans death territory covered much of present south-central Russia74Golden Horde 75 large church constructed in Constantinople during the reign of Justinian76Hagia Sophia 77organization of cities in Northern Germany/Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance78Hanseatic League 79any opinions/doctrines at variance with the established or orthodox position beliefs that reject the orthodox tenets of a religion80Heresies 81a continuation of the Roman Empire in central-western Europe (at least, loosely organized/modeled on it)82Holy Roman Empire83nomadic Mongol tribes84Hordes85(1337 1453) conflict between England and Francefought over lands England possessed in France issue of feudal rights vs. emerging claims of nation-states86 Hundred Years War 87Group of clans centered at Cuzco that were able to create an empire incorporating various Andean cultures Term also used for leader of empire88Incan89An investigation A tribunal formerly held in the Roman Catholic Church and directed at the suppression of heresy90Inquisition 91 Major world religion originating in 610 CE in the Arabian peninsulaliterally meaning submissionbased on the prophecy of Muhammad92Islam 93Compilation of Roman law94Justinian Code 95Grandson of Ghengis Khancommander of Mongol forces responsible for conquest of Chinabecame Khan in 1260 established Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 127196Kublai Khan97An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 100 BCEconquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries98Kush 99 Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claimsrepresented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy100Magna Carta 101Country of western Africa During the Middle Ages it formed a huge territorial empirenoted as a center of Islamic study and as a trade route for goldIts center was Timbuktu102Mali103African King who made pilgrimage to MeccaHe gave out so much gold, that the value of gold dropped rapidly104Mansa Musa105A Venetian trader that went and learned about China under Kublai Khan106Marco Polo107Religious Center of Islamwhere Muslims pray toward108Mecca109Great trading center where Muhammad fled110Medina111the region extending from central Mexico south to the northwestern border of Costa Ricagave rise to a group of stratified, culturally related agrarian civilizations spanning an approximately 3,000-year period before the European discovery of the New World by Columbus112Mesoamerica113The prophet of Islam born in 570 in clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca114Muhammad115an exclusive right of inheritance belonging to the eldest son116Primogeniture117military government in 12th century Japanestablished by the Minamoto retained emperor but real power resided in military government and samurai118Shogunate119Chinese dynasty that united the entire country until 1127 and the southern portion until 1279120Song121In the Middle Ages, a judicial procedure that was used to combat heresyin Spain, authorized by Sixtus IV in 1478the pope later tried to limit its powers but was opposed by the Spanish crownthe grand inquisitor Toms de Torquemada was responsible for burning about 2,000 heretics at the stake122Spanish Inquisition 123mystics within Islamresponsible for expansion of Islam in southeastern Asia124Sufis125political and theological division within Islam126Sunni/Shia 127dynasty that succeeded the Sui in 618 C.E.more stable than the previous dynasty128 Tang 129 center of Aztec power founded on marshy island in Lake Texacoco130Tenochtitlan131Islamic Law132Sharia133an Arabic word meaning striving in the way of God but it is often translated as holy war Refers to an armed struggle fought in the defense of Islam to please Allah134jihad135Nomadic Arabs who originally inhabited desert areas of the Middle East and northern Africa and later began to move to other parts of the region136Bedouins137The Medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus and the MaghrebThey captured Spain in 700s and were expelled from Spain in 1492138Moors139an alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages140Cyrillic alphabet 141It is a 6th century masterpiece of Byzantine architecture in Istanbulbuilt as a Christian church by Justinianconverted to a mosque in 1453made into a museum in the middle of the 20th century142Hagia Sofia143 It is a technique for printing used widely throughout East Asia and originating in China sometime between the mid-6th and late 9th centuries144woodblock printing145 A written number system created during the Gupta golden age in India, then adopted by the Islamic Empire before spreading furtherMost familiar numeral style (1,2,3, etc.,) used on clock and watch dials146Arabic numerals 147a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith148mosque 149A tower attached to a mosqueused for call to prayer150minaret 151the native language of a particular locality152vernacular153 A style of European architecture prevalent from the ninth to the twelfth centuries, with round arches and barrel vaults influenced by Roman architecture and characterized by heavy stone construction154Romanesque 155Traditions of the prophet Mohammad that played a critical role in Islamic law and rituals156Hadith 157Religion of early Japanese culture; devotees worshipped numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural worldoffers of food and prayer made to gods and nature spirits158Shintoism159The Way of Changes, a Chinese classic written by Lao Tzu around the 3rd century BC It is the fundamental text of Taoism160Tao Te Ching161Division of the Christian church when, for a time, there were two popes162Great Schism 163a man who rules a family, clan or tribe164Patriarch 165The state church of Greece, an autonomous part of the Eastern Orthodox Church166Greek Orthodox Church167The Christian church characterized by an Episcopal hierarchy with the pope as its head belief in seven sacraments and the authority of tradition168Roman Catholic Church169A Bantu language along the coast and islands of eastern Africa from Somalia to Mozambique170Swahili 171 winds from the southwest or south that brings heavy rainfall to southern Asia in the summermethod by which Arab merchants travelled172monsoons 173number of trade routes from East Asia to Eastern Europe one of the trade commodities was silk174Silk Road 175Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca176hajj 177elite, educated bureaucrats who ran the centralized government of China178scholar gentry 179Arab scholar and travelerKnown for his accounts of his travelsTraveled for almost 30 years all over the Islamic world and beyond (North Africa, west Africa, Southern Europe, Eastern Europe, Middle East, India, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China)180Ibn Battuta181Japanese lord who wielded the most power while the emperor was controlled182shogun 183Political, religious and militaristic leader of Islam184caliph 1851271 to 1368, also called the Mongol DynastyPeriod of Kublai Kahn and the Mongols dominance over China186Yuan dynasty 187the language of the Inca empire, now spoken in the Andes highlands from southern Colombia to Chile188Quechua189attempt to merge different traditions or practices and combine them with another tradition (applies also to religions)190syncretism191What China called itselfIdea of ethnocentrism by the Chinese192Middle Kingdom193West African poet, praise singer and wandering musician considered a repository of oral tradition194griot195a small, highly maneuverable, three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish for long voyages of exploration beginning in the 15th century196caravel 197banishment from a certain religion and Church198excommunication 199obligatory tax for Muslims used for charity200zakat201community of the faithful within Islam; creating political unity202umma 203Islamic month of fasting from dawn to sunset204Ramadan205A record-keeping device of the Inca empire consisting of a series of variously colored strings attached to a base rope and knotted so as to encode informationused especially for accounting purposes206Quipu 207a vast semiarid grass-covered plain, found in southeast Europe and Mongolia208steppes209Islamic title used for rulers of a Muslim Empire210sultan211A style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries;characterized by slender vertical piers, counterbalancing buttresses and vaulting and pointed arches212Gothic architecture213Western European trade associationsgrew strongly in the 12th and 13th centuries to protect and promote trade groups214Guilds215Where farming occurs in one place repeatedly As opposed to shifting cultivation216sedentary agriculture217Lion princemember of the Keita clan created a unified state that became the Mali Empire died in 1260218Sundiata219Organization of rural economy and society by three classes of land: a lords own land, serf holdings and free peasant land220manorialism221 Relationship between lord and serfs where protection is exchanged for crops/labor222feudalism 223Herding animals while moving from place to place224pastoral nomadism225Popular artistic style in China during the Tang-Song era. Previously popular Buddhist themes are pushed away by the new scholar-gentry classes interested in natures beauty226landscape painting227invented in China in the mid-eleventh centuryIndividual characters made of fired clay were assembled and glued onto a plate to create a printing block Introduced in Europe in the 15th century228moveable type 229A calculator that performs arithmetic functions by manually sliding counters on rods230abacus231Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses and bamboo fendersPlayed major roles in the Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula232junk 233