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Ports and Goods Movement:Air Quality Impacts and SolutionsPorts and Goods Movement:Air Quality Impacts and Solutions
New Jersey Clean Air CouncilImproving Air Quality at Our Ports and AirportsApril 9, 2008
Peter Greenwald Senior Policy AdvisorSouth Coast Air Quality Management District
New Jersey Clean Air CouncilImproving Air Quality at Our Ports and AirportsApril 9, 2008
Peter Greenwald Senior Policy AdvisorSouth Coast Air Quality Management District
The South Coast Air Quality Management District includes all of Orange County and portions of Los Angeles, San Bernardino and Riverside Counties, an area of 10,743 square miles with 16 million people and 10 million vehicles.
South Coast Air QualityManagement District
Key Pollutants and Federal Attainment Deadlines in South Coast Air Basin
Key Pollutants and Federal Attainment Deadlines in South Coast Air Basin
PM 2.5 (Annual) 2015PM 2.5 (24 Hour) 2020Ozone (8 Hour) 2024
PM 2.5 (Annual) 2015PM 2.5 (24 Hour) 2020Ozone (8 Hour) 2024
Air Quality TrendsAnnual Days Exceeding Ozone Standards
Air Quality TrendsAnnual Days Exceeding Ozone Standards
050
100150200250
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
2003
Num
ber o
f Day
s
1-Hour 8-Hours
050
100150200250
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
2003
Num
ber o
f Day
s
1-Hour 8-Hours
USC Children’s Health StudyNew England Journal of Medicine, Sept 2004
USC Children’s Health StudyNew England Journal of Medicine, Sept 2004
Lower lung-function growth rate associated with PM10, PM2.5, NO2and acid vapor
“By age 18, lungs of many children growing up in smoggy areas are underdeveloped and will likely never recover”
Pollutants of harm “derive from vehicle-related emissions and combustion of fossil fuels”
Lower lung-function growth rate associated with PM10, PM2.5, NO2and acid vapor
“By age 18, lungs of many children growing up in smoggy areas are underdeveloped and will likely never recover”
Pollutants of harm “derive from vehicle-related emissions and combustion of fossil fuels”
“When we began the study 10 years ago, we had no idea we would find effects on the lung this serious.”
— John Peters, M.D., study senior author
5,400 Premature Deathsper year
“Exposures to air pollution can shorten life by about 14 years for people who die prematurely”
— CARB 2007
Health Impacts of PM 2.5 Particulate Pollutionin South Coast Basin
Source: California Air Resources Board, 2007; 1999-2000 Air Quality Data
Other Health Impacts In South Coast Air Basin
(Annual)
980,000 Lost Work Days 2,400 Hospitalizations 140,000 Asthma & Lower
Respiratory Symptoms 5,000,000 Minor
Restricted Activity Days
Source: California Air Resources Board
July 24, 2006
Modeled Cancer Risk Excluding DieselModeled Cancer Risk Excluding Diesel
Source: SCAQMD Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study II
Modeled Cancer Risk With DieselModeled Cancer Risk With Diesel
Source: SCAQMD Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study II
MATES III (2008)MATES III (2008)
Basin-wide lifetime risk 1,200 in a million, primarily from dieselRisks near ports up to 2,800 in a million
Perspective: SCAQMD rules generally limit stationary sources to 1 to 25 in a million
Basin-wide lifetime risk 1,200 in a million, primarily from dieselRisks near ports up to 2,800 in a million
Perspective: SCAQMD rules generally limit stationary sources to 1 to 25 in a million
MATES III Air Toxics Risk
83.6%
4.5%3.3%
2.9%5.7%
Diesel PMBenzene1,3 ButadieneCarbonylsOther
Basinwide Risk: 1194 per millionBased on Average at Fixed Monitoring sites
Source: Draft 2008 SCAQMD Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study III
Ultra-fine Particle Counts in Southern California
Per Cubic Centimeter
Ultra-fine Particle Counts in Southern California
Per Cubic Centimeter
Area Particle Count
Coastal area 600-2,000Office Spaces 500-2,000Urban air 10,000 - 40,000Freeways 40,000 - > 1,000,000
Particulate Matter Sizes
Westerdahl, 2004
Key Air Quality ChallengesKey Air Quality Challenges
“Easy” reductions achievedNew ozone & 24 hour PM 2.5 standardsGrowth in goods movement . . .
“Easy” reductions achievedNew ozone & 24 hour PM 2.5 standardsGrowth in goods movement . . .
Goods MovementGoods Movement
Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach• Nation’s highest volume container cargo port complex• Majority of imported containers destined out of Southern California• >40 % of nation’s containerized imports arrive here• Cargo tripled in recent years and will double in next decade
Rail Intermodal FlowsRail Intermodal Flows
Key Goods Movement PollutantsKey Goods Movement Pollutants
Diesel Particulates (PM & toxic) SOx (PM precursor) NOx (PM & ozone precursor)
Diesel Particulates (PM & toxic) SOx (PM precursor) NOx (PM & ozone precursor)
Port of Los Angeles2005 Emissions Inventory
Source Category Distribution
Port of Los Angeles2005 Emissions Inventory
Source Category Distribution
Diesel Particulate MatterDiesel Particulate Matter
Diesel ParticulatesContribution of Port-Related Sources to
Regional Diesel PM10
Diesel ParticulatesContribution of Port-Related Sources to
Regional Diesel PM10
02468
1012141618
2014 2020
(tpd)
Ports Basin
02468
1012141618
2014 2020
(tpd)
Ports Basin
32%49%
Diesel Particulate Matter:Proximity MattersDiesel Particulate Matter:Proximity Matters
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Hudson Elem. School Edison Elem. School Wilmington Child Care Center
Long Beach Station Los Angeles Station
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Hudson Elem. School Edison Elem. School Wilmington Child Care Center
Long Beach Station Los Angeles Station
CARB Health Risk AssessmentsCARB Health Risk Assessments
Commerce Railyard
82,200 persons exposed @ > 100 in a million
In some areas risk exceeds 600 in a million
Ports of Los Angeles & Long Beach
1,135,000 persons exposed
Commerce Railyard
82,200 persons exposed @ > 100 in a million
In some areas risk exceeds 600 in a million
Ports of Los Angeles & Long Beach
1,135,000 persons exposed @ > 100 in a million
53,000 persons @ > 500 in a million
@ > 100 in a million
53,000 persons @ > 500 in a million
Particulate FiltersFrom SCAQMD Long Beach MonitorParticulate Filters
From SCAQMD Long Beach Monitor
Cancer Risk From Oceangoing Vessel Emissions in Southern California
• Ship pollution causes maximum cancer risk exceeding 1,200 in a million• 4.1 million people exposed to a cancer risk over 100 in a million• 13.7 million people exposed to a cancer risk over 25 in a million• Perspective: risk over 10 in a million generally considered significant
Increasing Cancer Risk
Area Shownon Map
Source: SCAQMD MATES III Study (2008)
Cumulative Impacts
Sulfur OxidesSulfur Oxides
Sulfur OxidesEmissions Trend in South Coast By
Source CategoryAssuming benefit of CARB auxiliary engine rule now in litigation
Sulfur OxidesEmissions Trend in South Coast By
Source CategoryAssuming benefit of CARB auxiliary engine rule now in litigation
01020304050607080
2 0 0 2 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 8 2 0 11 2 0 14 2 0 17 2 0 2 0
Of f -Road
On-Road
Area
Point
01020304050607080
2 0 0 2 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 8 2 0 11 2 0 14 2 0 17 2 0 2 0
Of f -Road
On-Road
Area
Point
PM2.5 Carrying Capacity (19)
Without CARB auxiliary engine rule,oceangoing vessels will create ~ 70% of SOx in 2015
Source: 2007 South Coast Air Quality Management Plan
Comparison of Fuel Sulfur ContentParts Per Million
Comparison of Fuel Sulfur ContentParts Per Million
45,000
27,000
15,000
2,000 2,000 1,000 1,00015
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
IMO Standard
In-Use A
verag
e
Possible MARPOL SECA
Maersk I
n-Use
LA LB Ports
Plan
U.S./Calif.
Proposed
Europea
n Union Ports
2010
U.S. On &
Non-R
oad Rules
Source: San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan; European Union Directive 2005/33/EC; U.S. Proposal to IMO, Revision of MARPOL Annex VI, NOx Tech. Code and Related Guidelines; CARB Emission Reduction Plan for Ports and Goods Movement; 2007 SCAQMD Air Quality Management Plan
SCAQMD Analysis:Health Benefits of Controlling Emissions from
Oceangoing Marine Vessels per SIP for South Coast
SCAQMD Analysis:Health Benefits of Controlling Emissions from
Oceangoing Marine Vessels per SIP for South Coast
Over 700 premature deaths prevented annually
over one-third of health benefit of entire annual PM 2.5 SIP
Major portion of benefit: low sulfur fuels
http://epa.gov/OMS/regs/nonroad/marine/ci/mvbenefits20071018-b.pdf
Over 700 premature deaths prevented annually
over one-third of health benefit of entire annual PM 2.5 SIP
Major portion of benefit: low sulfur fuels
http://epa.gov/OMS/regs/nonroad/marine/ci/mvbenefits20071018-b.pdf
Nitrogen OxidesNitrogen Oxides
NOx “Baseline” Emissions and Federal 8-Hour Ozone Carrying Capacity
Including Benefits of All Rules Adopted to Date(tons per day)
NOx “Baseline” Emissions and Federal 8-Hour Ozone Carrying Capacity
Including Benefits of All Rules Adopted to Date(tons per day)
0100200300400500600700800900
1000
2005 2010 2015 2020 2023International Goods Movement Other
0100200300400500600700800900
1000
2005 2010 2015 2020 2023International Goods Movement Other
Carrying Capacity - 114 2023 Int’l Goods Movement - 137 2023 “Black Box” - 190
2014 NOx Top Ten Source Categories
2014 NOx Top Ten Source Categories
2324 2222273743
87
137145
0
50
100
150
200
Heavy-D
uty Dies
el Trucks
Off-Road
Equipmen
t
Ships & Com
mercial
Boats*
Light-Duty
Truck
s
Light-Duty
Passeng
er Cars
RECLAIM**
Heavy-D
uty Gaso
line Tr
ucks
Locomoti
ves
Resident
ial Fu
el Combu
stion
Aircraft
* Oceangoing vessels = 72**RECLAIM: 320 largest stationary sources, including all refineries and power plants Source: 2007 South Coast Air Quality Management Plan
2023 NOx Top Ten Source Categories
2023 NOx Top Ten Source Categories
116
81 78
29 2827 17 1723 21
0
50
100
150
200
Ships & Com
mercial
Boats*
Off-Road
Equipment
Heavy-D
uty Dies
el Trucks
Aircraft
Locomotiv
es
RECLAIMLight-D
uty Tr
ucks
Resident
ial Fuel C
ombustio
n
Light-Duty
Passeng
er Cars
Heavy-D
uty Gaso
line Tr
ucks
* Oceangoing vessels = 103 Source: 2007 South Coast Air Quality Management Plan
Trucks Off Road Equipment
ShipsLocomotivesPassenger Cars0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Trucks Off Road Equipment
ShipsLocomotivesPassenger Cars0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Percentage of Pollution ControlAdopted NOx Standards for New Units
Percentage of Pollution ControlAdopted NOx Standards for New Units
98% 97%
58%*(Tier 2)
11%
98%
(40CFR 69, 80, 86January 2001)
(40CFR 9, 69, 80, 86, 89, 94January 2001)
(EPA Locomotive/Marine RuleMarch 14, 2008)
(40CFR 94February 2003)
(40CFR 86December 1999)
* March 2008 EPA locomotive rule will require Tier 4: 80% control beyond current standards by model year 2015
A National ProblemA National Problem
Health Impacts from Ships are a Nationwide Problem
At least 2,000 to 5,000 Premature Deaths Per Year in the Continental U.S.are Caused by Particulate Pollution from Oceangoing Vessels
Cleaner marine fuels would reduce nationwide health impacts by ~ 60 %
Source: Corbett, J. J.; Winebrake, J. J.; Green, E. H.; Kasibhatla, P.; Eyring, V.; Lauer, A., Mortality from Ship Emissions: A Global Assessment. Environmental Science & Technology 2007, 41, (24), 8512–8518
Relatively High Diesel PM in Many Areas Involved in Goods Movement
Relatively High Diesel PM in Many Areas Involved in Goods Movement
Source: USEPA1999 Modeled Ambient Concentration Maps
Control ActionsControl Actions
International Maritime OrganizationInternational Maritime Organization
Current standards are weak, e.g. 45,000 ppm sulfur fuelApril 2007 US Proposal to IMO
Fuel: 1,000 ppm sulfur limit or alternative control in Sulfur Emission Control Areas (2011)New ships: 15-25% NOx control (2011); additional 80% NOx control (2016)Retrofit some ships: 20% NOx control
Last Friday April 4: IMO Marine Environment Protection Committee proposal similar to U.S. proposal but 1,000 ppm fuel delayed to 2015Action in October?
Current standards are weak, e.g. 45,000 ppm sulfur fuelApril 2007 US Proposal to IMO
Fuel: 1,000 ppm sulfur limit or alternative control in Sulfur Emission Control Areas (2011)New ships: 15-25% NOx control (2011); additional 80% NOx control (2016)Retrofit some ships: 20% NOx control
Last Friday April 4: IMO Marine Environment Protection Committee proposal similar to U.S. proposal but 1,000 ppm fuel delayed to 2015Action in October?
USEPA Rules: Oceangoing VesselsUSEPA Rules: Oceangoing Vessels
Merely adopted IMO standardsNot applicable to foreign flags: ~ 90% of emissionsCommitment to adopt more stringent rules by April 2007 delayed to December 2009
Merely adopted IMO standardsNot applicable to foreign flags: ~ 90% of emissionsCommitment to adopt more stringent rules by April 2007 delayed to December 2009
S 1499; HR 2548Marine Vessel Emission Reductions Act of 2007
S 1499; HR 2548Marine Vessel Emission Reductions Act of 2007
Would require EPA to adopt rules that –limit fuel sulfur contentset emissions standards
for domestic and foreign-flagged vessels
Would require EPA to adopt rules that –limit fuel sulfur contentset emissions standards
for domestic and foreign-flagged vessels
USEPA Rules: LocomotivesUSEPA Rules: Locomotives
Only 58% NOx control from MY 2005 “Tier II”locomotives; similar or level of PM control85 - 90% control is feasible
diesel particulate filters being applied to locomotives in Europe
EPA 2008 Locomotive Rule Deadlines for advanced control: model year 2015 for Tier 4 PM & NOx
Only 58% NOx control from MY 2005 “Tier II”locomotives; similar or level of PM control85 - 90% control is feasible
diesel particulate filters being applied to locomotives in Europe
EPA 2008 Locomotive Rule Deadlines for advanced control: model year 2015 for Tier 4 PM & NOx
State & Local State & Local Authority IssuesCARB
Emission Reduction Plan & Rules, e.g. --Shore Power/at dock reductions (50% by 2014, 80% by 2020) Truck Replacement/Retrofit Marine Auxiliary Engine Rule -- In litigation
Locomotive MOUsSCAQMD
Railyard Risk Assessment & Idling Rules -- In litigation2007 Air Quality Management Plan -- Relies on control of goods movement
Authority IssuesCARB
Emission Reduction Plan & Rules, e.g. --Shore Power/at dock reductions (50% by 2014, 80% by 2020) Truck Replacement/Retrofit Marine Auxiliary Engine Rule -- In litigation
Locomotive MOUsSCAQMD
Railyard Risk Assessment & Idling Rules -- In litigation2007 Air Quality Management Plan -- Relies on control of goods movement
CEQA and NEPACEQA and NEPA
China Shipping LitigationChallenge to terminal projectSettlement requires “cold ironing” and other controls
China Shipping LitigationChallenge to terminal projectSettlement requires “cold ironing” and other controls
San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air
Action Plan
San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air
Action Plan
San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan
Example Control MeasuresSan Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan
Example Control Measures
Ocean Going VesselsLow-Sulfur Fuels Shore PowerNOx Controls
Cargo Handling EquipmentReplacement & RetrofitAlt fuels
TrucksReplacement/RetrofitAlt fuels
RailMulti-Engine, Hybrids, Aftertreatment, Alt Fuel
Ocean Going VesselsLow-Sulfur Fuels Shore PowerNOx Controls
Cargo Handling EquipmentReplacement & RetrofitAlt fuels
TrucksReplacement/RetrofitAlt fuels
RailMulti-Engine, Hybrids, Aftertreatment, Alt Fuel
Control Approach:
Marine Terminal Leases & Project Approvals
Control Approach:
Marine Terminal Leases & Project Approvals
Source: Port of Los Angeles
Control Approach:
Port-Wide ProgramsControl Approach:
Port-Wide Programs
Clean Truck ProgramProgressive ban for ~ 16,800 drayage trucks
Pre 2007 trucks banned by 201250% of replacements alt fuelsFunding: $35 per TEU Container Fee
Total Cost ~ $2 billionMonetized health benefits ~ $5 billion
Main Engine Low Sulfur Fuel IncentiveOne year programPays cost differential for 2,000 ppmsulfur main engine fuel
Clean Truck ProgramProgressive ban for ~ 16,800 drayage trucks
Pre 2007 trucks banned by 201250% of replacements alt fuelsFunding: $35 per TEU Container Fee
Total Cost ~ $2 billionMonetized health benefits ~ $5 billion
Main Engine Low Sulfur Fuel IncentiveOne year programPays cost differential for 2,000 ppmsulfur main engine fuel
Control Approach:
Technology AdvancementExample: Electric Truck Development
Control Approach:
Technology AdvancementExample: Electric Truck Development
Development of low-speed full electric tow tractor to dray containers to near-dock railyard
Port/SCAQMD funded project
Development of low-speed full electric tow tractor to dray containers to near-dock railyard
Port/SCAQMD funded project
Key Message: Solutions are available . . .
Key Message: Solutions are available . . .
Some RecommendationsSome Recommendations
Ensure policymakers and public are informed about air quality issuesAdvocate for sufficient federal and international actionsUse all available state and local authorityFund programs to accelerate fleet turnover & provide incentives for early controlFinancially support technology demonstration programsAppropriate infrastructure types & location
e.g. on-dock railyards, buffer zones, electrification
Ensure policymakers and public are informed about air quality issuesAdvocate for sufficient federal and international actionsUse all available state and local authorityFund programs to accelerate fleet turnover & provide incentives for early controlFinancially support technology demonstration programsAppropriate infrastructure types & location
e.g. on-dock railyards, buffer zones, electrification
Take Away Messages:Take Away Messages:The health impacts are severeSolutions are availableAll levels of government must act
The health impacts are severeThe health impacts are severeSolutions are availableSolutions are availableAll levels of government must actAll levels of government must act
Thank You!
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