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Plants with SeedsPlants with Seeds
StructureStructure – –
LeavesLeaves
stem stem
rootsroots
LeavesLeaves
Function of leavesFunction of leaves
Trap light energy for photosynthesisTrap light energy for photosynthesis Producing sugar from photosynthesisProducing sugar from photosynthesis
Take in waterTake in water
Exchange of gases – Exchange of gases – oxygen and carbon dioxideoxygen and carbon dioxide
Parts of LeavesParts of Leaves
CompoundCompound SimpleSimple StalkStalk: connects leaves : connects leaves to the stemto the stem
BladesBlades: thin flat part that : thin flat part that is the site of is the site of photosynthesisphotosynthesis Simple leaf: 1 single leafSimple leaf: 1 single leaf
Ex. Maple, Oak, AppleEx. Maple, Oak, Apple Compound: divided into a Compound: divided into a
# of separate parts# of separate parts Ex. Roses, clovers, and Ex. Roses, clovers, and
palmspalms
StructureStructureWide
Helps to catch more light energy
Thin
Help get carbon dioxide from bottom to top of leaf for photosynthesis
Internal Parts of LeavesInternal Parts of Leaves
EpidermisEpidermis: outside : outside layer of leaf covered layer of leaf covered in cuticlein cuticle StomataStomata: pores where : pores where
COCO2 2 and H and H22O enter O enter the leaf and Othe leaf and O22 leaves leaves
Guard CellsGuard Cells: cells on : cells on both sides of stomata both sides of stomata that open and closethat open and close
Internal Parts of LeavesInternal Parts of Leaves
MesophyllMesophyll: inner : inner layer of leaflayer of leaf PallisadePallisade: upper : upper
mesophyll where mesophyll where photosynthesis photosynthesis happenshappens
Spongy LayerSpongy Layer: filled : filled with air spaces for with air spaces for COCO2 2 ,H ,H22O and OO and O22
Leaf structureLeaf structure
Greener on top
CO2 gets in here
Most chlorophyll
Leaf diagram – palisade layerLeaf diagram – palisade layer
CO2
Most chlorophyll
Gas exchange Gas exchange
Leaves are designed to allow carbon Leaves are designed to allow carbon dioxide to get to the main chlorophyll dioxide to get to the main chlorophyll layer at the top of the leaflayer at the top of the leaf
They have small holes called stomata on They have small holes called stomata on the under surfacethe under surface
Each hole is open & closed by 2 guard Each hole is open & closed by 2 guard cells cells
Stoma positionStoma position
Stoma is a small holeStoma is a small holeIts size is controlled by 2 guard cells
closed open
Stoma function is for gas Stoma function is for gas exchange in the leafexchange in the leaf
Carbon dioxide
oxygenGuard cell
Provided plant is photosynthesising
Stomata open and close at different times of the day
When it is light the plant needs CO2 for photosynthesis so the stoma open
At night (darkness) they close
Gas exchangeGas exchange
PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS
The The processprocess of photosynthesis is a of photosynthesis is a chemical reactionchemical reaction. .
It is the most important It is the most important
chemical reaction on our planet.chemical reaction on our planet.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATIONEQUATION
PHOTOSYNTHESIS PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATIONEQUATION
Six molecules of carbon dioxide react with six molecules of water to form 1 molecule of glucose and six molecules of oxygen.
Describe PhotosynthesisDescribe Photosynthesis
The process of changing light energy to The process of changing light energy to chemical energy chemical energy
Energy stored as sugarEnergy stored as sugar Plants need light energy, COPlants need light energy, CO22, and H, and H22O O
Takes place in the Takes place in the chloroplastschloroplasts, using , using chlorophyllchlorophyll, the green pigment in plants, the green pigment in plants
What happens during What happens during photosynthesis?photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through holes Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through holes called called stomatastomata
COCO2 2 combines with the stored energy in the combines with the stored energy in the chloroplasts through a chemical reaction to chloroplasts through a chemical reaction to make glucosemake glucose
The sugar is moved through tubes in the leaf to The sugar is moved through tubes in the leaf to the roots, stems and fruits of the plantsthe roots, stems and fruits of the plants
Some of the sugar is used right away by the Some of the sugar is used right away by the plant for energy; some is stored as starch; and plant for energy; some is stored as starch; and some is built into plant tissuesome is built into plant tissue
ROOTSROOTS
ROOTS – function and ROOTS – function and structurestructure
Anchor plant in positionAnchor plant in position Absorb water and minerals Absorb water and minerals
from the soilfrom the soil Specialized cells to increase Specialized cells to increase
surface area for water intakesurface area for water intake Store food Store food
Types of RootsTypes of Roots
FibrousFibrous: several : several thin roots that thin roots that branch to form a branch to form a tangle masstangle mass
Ex. Grass, corn, Ex. Grass, corn, most treesmost trees
Types of RootsTypes of Roots
TaprootsTaproots: long : long thick main root thick main root and thin and thin branching rootsbranching roots
Ex. Carrots, Ex. Carrots, cacti,dandelionscacti,dandelions
Parts of a rootParts of a root
Epidermis: Epidermis: outermost layer outermost layer of the root that of the root that has hairs on ithas hairs on it
Parts of a rootParts of a root
Cortex: layer Cortex: layer just inside the just inside the epidermisepidermis Stores foodStores food Carries water Carries water
and minerals and minerals into vascular into vascular tissuetissue
Parts of a rootParts of a root
Root CapRoot Cap: : protects the root protects the root as it grows as it grows through the soilthrough the soil
Parts of a rootParts of a root
Growth tissueGrowth tissue: : just behind the just behind the root cap, where root cap, where new cells formnew cells form
Human uses for rootsHuman uses for roots
Food:Food: Carrots, beets, yamsCarrots, beets, yams Licorice, horseradish,and sassafras used as Licorice, horseradish,and sassafras used as
spicesspices
MedicineMedicine DyesDyes InsecticidesInsecticides
Parts of Parts of RootRoot
Root hairs
•Fragile parts of cells that grow from the main root
•They massively increase the surface area for absorption
STEM: Structure and STEM: Structure and FunctionFunction
Gets water and Gets water and nutrients from the nutrients from the roots to the leavesroots to the leaves
Holds the leaves up Holds the leaves up in the air so it can get in the air so it can get sunlight to make foodsunlight to make food
STEM: Structure and STEM: Structure and FunctionFunction
Vary greatly in Vary greatly in sizesize TrunkTrunk BranchesBranches TwigsTwigs
Types of StemsTypes of Stems
HerbaceousHerbaceous: have : have stems that are stems that are green and softgreen and soft
Ex. Sunflowers, Ex. Sunflowers, pea, tomatoes, pea, tomatoes, grass, abd grass, abd dandekionsdandekions
Types of StemsTypes of Stems
WoodyWoody: have : have stems that are stems that are hard and made of hard and made of woodwood
Ex. Roses, Firs, Ex. Roses, Firs, and Maplesand Maples
Structure of Woody stemStructure of Woody stem
Structure of Woody stemStructure of Woody stem
Bark: outermost layer Bark: outermost layer of stem of stem ToughTough WaterproofWaterproof Helps protect the Helps protect the
fragile tissue insidefragile tissue inside Inner part of the bark Inner part of the bark
is the is the phloemphloem
PhloemPhloem
Transports glucose and starch made Transports glucose and starch made during photosynthesis.during photosynthesis.
Structure of Woody StemStructure of Woody Stem
Vascular Cambium: Vascular Cambium: growth region of the growth region of the stemstem This is where xylem This is where xylem
and phloem are and phloem are producedproduced
Pith: Pith: Center of the Center of the stemstem Stores water and Stores water and foodfood
Stem RingsStem Rings
Each ring represents a year’s growth of Each ring represents a year’s growth of xylemxylem 1 ring = 1 year1 ring = 1 year
If a tree had 12 rings how old would it If a tree had 12 rings how old would it be?be?
12 years old12 years old
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