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PLANKTON
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What is Plankton?
• Plankton comes from the Greek word “planktos”, which means to “wander”
• Animals and Plants that float, drift, or are weak swimmers
http://marinefisheries.org/fish/plankton.jpg
Groupings of Plankton:
ZooplanktonAnimal, Heterotrophic
Consumer
Holoplankton, Meroplankton
Ex: Copepod, Crab, Jelly
PhytoplanktonPlant, Autotrophic
Primary Producer
Produce 80% Oxygen supply
Ex: Diatoms, Dinoflagellates
Groupings of Zooplankton:
• Holoplankton: zooplankton that spend their WHOLE lives as plankton
• Meroplankton: zooplankton that spend only part of their lives as plankton
Major groups of Phytoplankton
DIATOMS
DINOFLAGELLATES
COCCOLITHOPHORESwww.imagequest3d.com
Diatoms• Microscopic; extremely abundant
• Important food source for marine organisms• Single-cells, chain, loose “clusters”
• Oil droplets in cell - slow sinking
Asterionella – a colony of pennate diatoms; photo by Jan Parmentier
Centriclive diatom www.indiana.edu
Photo Credit: Dr. Neil Sullivan, University of Southern Calif. / National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration / Dept. of Commerce
Diatoms (Division Chrysophyta)
Coscinodiscus
http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/images/di/img/chloro.jpg
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Chain Diatoms
Diatomaceous Earth – silicaceous shells piled up over millions of years – used for Paint, Silver Polish, Filters, Insulation
Photo by George Rowlandhttp://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/pl_08.jpg
Dinoflagellates
• Microscopic • Mostly unicellular
• Responsible for = red tides, bioluminescence
• Noctiluca = “night light”
Noctiluca Bloom
Photo Credit: PJS Franks (Photographer) / National Ocean Service Photo Gallery
Florida Red Tide Bloom of Karenia brevis www.whoi.edu/rtphotos
In addition to adverse health effects, harmful algal blooms are responsible for the loss of millions of dollars from commercial and recreational fisheries and from tourist industries.
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Florida Coastal
Zone Scanner Image
of Karenia brevis bloom in Nov 1978
Coccolithophores• One-celled marine plants - live
in large numbers, can make water appear milky or chalky
• Live near surface in brightly lit areas
• Calcareous ooze = White Cliffs of Dover
Earthobservatory.nasa.gov/library/coccolithophores
Coccolithophores
Scanning electron photography by Vita Pariente. Microscopy was done at the
Electron Microscopy Center, Texas A&M University.
White Cliffs of Dover
Photo Credit: Dover District Council
Major Groups of Zooplankton
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjan99/barn.jpg
Copepods• Crustaceans
• Holoplankton; 95% of all ocean Zooplankton
• Most abundant animal – biggest biomass = insects of the sea
• Biggest source of Protein
• Contribute greatly to marine snow – fecal pellets
• Eat phytoplankton and zooplankton
Photo by Jeannette Yen http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/pl_08.jpg
http://www.uni-oldenburg.de/zoomorphology/Bilder/Nauplien.jpg
Foraminiferans• Holoplankton
• Calcium Carbonate shell• Calcareous ooze accumulates
on ocean floor
Radiolarians• Holoplankton• Shell of Silica
• Siliceous ooze forms on seafloor in equatorial regions
Photo credit: Oceanlink
Ctenophores: Comb Jellies - “Sea Snot”
• Holoplankton
• No stinging cells
• Bioluminescent
Krill
Photo Credit: OAR/National Undersea Research Program (NURP)
Humpback Whales Feeding on Mostly Krill
Mola mola can reach 8 ft. in length
Photo Credit: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration / Dept. of Commerce
MEROPLANKTON• Zooplankton that spend only part of their lives as
plankton
Crabs * Spiny Lobsters
Jellyfish * Sea Stars
Snails * Barnacles
Coral * Fish
Bristleworms
Brittle Star and Coral Larvae Goose Barnacles
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Nauplius Barnacle Larvae and adult Barnacle
Goose Barnacle Larvae and adults
Clam larvae and adult
Flounder Larvae Octopus Larvae
Mantis Shrimp Larvae
Portuguese – Man – Of - War
Sea Star Larvae
Zoea crab larvae
Squidlings
Portunus rubromarginatusZoea Crab Larva
Photo Credit: Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland
Primary Producers(Phytoplankton)
Primary Consumers(Zooplankton)
Secondary Consumers
Humans
Carnivores
Only about 10% of the energy is
transferred(Filter Feeders)
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