Phoenicians. History of Lebanon 2 Centuries after Hammurabi’s reign, Babylonian empire fell to...

PhoeniciansPhoenicians

History of LebanonHistory of Lebanon 2 Centuries after Hammurabi’s reign, 2 Centuries after Hammurabi’s reign, Babylonian empire fell to Nomadic Babylonian empire fell to Nomadic WarriorsWarriors

Fertile Crescent broke into small Fertile Crescent broke into small kingdomskingdoms

New people moved into the regionsNew people moved into the regions

2 Centuries after Hammurabi’s reign, 2 Centuries after Hammurabi’s reign, Babylonian empire fell to Nomadic Babylonian empire fell to Nomadic WarriorsWarriors

Fertile Crescent broke into small Fertile Crescent broke into small kingdomskingdoms

New people moved into the regionsNew people moved into the regions

Phoenician LocationPhoenician Location PPresent day resent day LebanonLebanon

33.50º North33.50º North 35.50º East35.50º East

Popular cities: Popular cities: TyreTyre ByblosByblos SidonSidon

PPresent day resent day LebanonLebanon 33.50º North33.50º North 35.50º East35.50º East

Popular cities: Popular cities: TyreTyre ByblosByblos SidonSidon

GeographyGeography

Narrow coastal Narrow coastal planesplanes

Beeka Valley Beeka Valley separatesseparates

Borders Israel & Borders Israel & SyriaSyria

Narrow coastal Narrow coastal planesplanes

Beeka Valley Beeka Valley separatesseparates

Borders Israel & Borders Israel & SyriaSyria

ClimateClimate

MediterraneanMediterranean Mild to coolMild to cool Wet wintersWet winters Dry, hot summersDry, hot summers

Mountains Mountains heavy heavy rain & snowrain & snow

MediterraneanMediterranean Mild to coolMild to cool Wet wintersWet winters Dry, hot summersDry, hot summers

Mountains Mountains heavy heavy rain & snowrain & snow

ResourcesResources

Snails - most Snails - most valuable dyevaluable dye 60,000 snails to 1 60,000 snails to 1 poundpound

Cedar trees- hard, Cedar trees- hard, usable woodusable wood

Snails - most Snails - most valuable dyevaluable dye 60,000 snails to 1 60,000 snails to 1 poundpound

Cedar trees- hard, Cedar trees- hard, usable woodusable wood

Wealth from TradeWealth from Trade Purple dyePurple dye Cedar treesCedar trees

Purple dyePurple dye Cedar treesCedar trees

Relying on TradeRelying on Trade

Cedar is other valuable Cedar is other valuable resourceresource

Relied on TradeRelied on Trade Traded goods from other landsTraded goods from other lands

Own colonies tooOwn colonies too Competed with other city-Competed with other city-statesstates

Interacted through tradeInteracted through trade

Cedar is other valuable Cedar is other valuable resourceresource

Relied on TradeRelied on Trade Traded goods from other landsTraded goods from other lands

Own colonies tooOwn colonies too Competed with other city-Competed with other city-statesstates

Interacted through tradeInteracted through trade

Excellence in SailingExcellence in Sailing

Desired tradeDesired trade Traveled Mediterranean CoastsTraveled Mediterranean Coasts Narrow, single sailed vessels Narrow, single sailed vessels with longs oarswith longs oars

Desired tradeDesired trade Traveled Mediterranean CoastsTraveled Mediterranean Coasts Narrow, single sailed vessels Narrow, single sailed vessels with longs oarswith longs oars

ColoniesColonies 1100-700 BCE, founded trading 1100-700 BCE, founded trading coloniescolonies

300 cities in Africa’s Med. 300 cities in Africa’s Med. CoastCoast Carthage was greatestCarthage was greatest

1100-700 BCE, founded trading 1100-700 BCE, founded trading coloniescolonies

300 cities in Africa’s Med. 300 cities in Africa’s Med. CoastCoast Carthage was greatestCarthage was greatest

The AlphabetThe Alphabet Only 22 symbolsOnly 22 symbols First appeared around 900 BCEFirst appeared around 900 BCE Passed on to other citiesPassed on to other cities Many common people could Many common people could mastermaster

Literacy became widespreadLiteracy became widespread

Only 22 symbolsOnly 22 symbols First appeared around 900 BCEFirst appeared around 900 BCE Passed on to other citiesPassed on to other cities Many common people could Many common people could mastermaster

Literacy became widespreadLiteracy became widespread

CultureCulture

Shared & collected ideas

Purple dye for royalty

Based on trade & ships

Alphabet

Shared & collected ideas

Purple dye for royalty

Based on trade & ships

Alphabet

Technology & ToolsTechnology & Tools

Boats: single-sailed vessels with long oars

Alphabet: started with the Phoenicians

Weapons, cloth, wine, slaves, glass, and ivory

Boats: single-sailed vessels with long oars

Alphabet: started with the Phoenicians

Weapons, cloth, wine, slaves, glass, and ivory

Peace and WarPeace and War

Peaceful society Focused on trade

Peaceful society Focused on trade

Law & OrderLaw & Order

Hierarchy Status “Kings and Priests still had much more power of the trades.”

Alphabet & Laws

Hierarchy Status “Kings and Priests still had much more power of the trades.”

Alphabet & Laws

Social StatusSocial Status

King + Priests Wealthy Commoners

Free Commoners Slaves Typical Social Status

King + Priests Wealthy Commoners

Free Commoners Slaves Typical Social Status

SummarySummary Most powerful traders in Mesopotamia area

Invented alphabet Started the importance of sailing

Created the royal purple color

Most powerful traders in Mesopotamia area

Invented alphabet Started the importance of sailing

Created the royal purple color

Fun FactsFun Facts

Purple dye- made from the squeezing of 60,000 smelly snail glands

Traded- anything and everything believed valuable

“Later, Carthage rivaled Rome in power.”

Purple dye- made from the squeezing of 60,000 smelly snail glands

Traded- anything and everything believed valuable

“Later, Carthage rivaled Rome in power.”

LocationLocation Phoenicia was centered in the north of ancient Canaan

It was a coastal area along the Mediterranean Sea

Modern Day Lebanon, Syria, Palestinian Territories and Israel

Phoenicia was centered in the north of ancient Canaan

It was a coastal area along the Mediterranean Sea

Modern Day Lebanon, Syria, Palestinian Territories and Israel

Important citiesImportant cities

Arvad Byblos Berytus Sidon Tyre Caesarea

Arvad Byblos Berytus Sidon Tyre Caesarea

Tripoli Baalbek Carthage

Tripoli Baalbek Carthage

GovernmentGovernment Individual city-states

Each city-state had an independent government

The king, the temple priests, and the council of wealthy merchants were the main sources of power

Individual city-states

Each city-state had an independent government

The king, the temple priests, and the council of wealthy merchants were the main sources of power

religionreligion They worshipped gods and goddesses sacred to specific city-states

Each god and goddess represented a different aspect of life

They worshipped gods and goddesses sacred to specific city-states

Each god and goddess represented a different aspect of life

The men had control over the family

Men could sell their wives or the children to pay off debts

Women were held high in the family

Only priests and scribes could read and write

Economic systemEconomic system They had a trade-based economy

Their main good was a purple dye derived from snails found on the Tyre island

Due to the dye’s scarcity and the time in which it took to make, it became very expensive

They had a trade-based economy

Their main good was a purple dye derived from snails found on the Tyre island

Due to the dye’s scarcity and the time in which it took to make, it became very expensive

Economic systemEconomic system They established trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast

They also traded: Wine Glass Timber Olive oil Precious metals

They established trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast

They also traded: Wine Glass Timber Olive oil Precious metals

Social classesSocial classes

Cultural DevelopmentCultural Development Spoke a Semitic language

A seagoing culture where trade was the center of civilization

Were skilled architects

Wealthy trading towns whose centers were the temples

Spoke a Semitic language

A seagoing culture where trade was the center of civilization

Were skilled architects

Wealthy trading towns whose centers were the temples

City StructureCity Structure Urban, small trading towns along the Mediterranean coast

Temple was the center of the city

Built buildings up to 6 stories high

Urban, small trading towns along the Mediterranean coast

Temple was the center of the city

Built buildings up to 6 stories high

Rights of slavesRights of slaves Laws protected slaves from mistreatment

Slaves could earn their own money, purchase property, and own their own freedom

A freed slave could reach high office in the community

Laws protected slaves from mistreatment

Slaves could earn their own money, purchase property, and own their own freedom

A freed slave could reach high office in the community

Rights of womenRights of women No evidence of polygamy In the case of divorce, the woman was given her possessions

Had fundamental rights Women could press charges, make trading contracts, invest in trading, and adopt heirs

No evidence of polygamy In the case of divorce, the woman was given her possessions

Had fundamental rights Women could press charges, make trading contracts, invest in trading, and adopt heirs

TechnologyTechnology The Phoenician Empire had many advancements in: shipbuilding pottery iron-working literature alphabet

The Phoenician Empire had many advancements in: shipbuilding pottery iron-working literature alphabet

Phoenician alphabetPhoenician alphabet First appeared around 900 B.C.

Made an alphabet with 22 symbols

The Greeks adopted the alphabet and added 4 symbols

First appeared around 900 B.C.

Made an alphabet with 22 symbols

The Greeks adopted the alphabet and added 4 symbols

Human-environment interactions

Human-environment interactions Phoenicia’s location on the

coast of the Mediterranean Sea enabled trade with other coastal regions

Also, Phoenicia’s lack of natural resources encouraged its people to trade goods for necessary items

Phoenicia’s location on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea enabled trade with other coastal regions

Also, Phoenicia’s lack of natural resources encouraged its people to trade goods for necessary items

Phoenicians were never interested in conquest

They focused on autonomy and trade

Became the naval and trading power in the region

cooperationcooperation The Phoenicians initial trading partners were the Greeks

Established strategic commercial trading outposts

They chose peace over war but were defensive

The Phoenicians initial trading partners were the Greeks

Established strategic commercial trading outposts

They chose peace over war but were defensive

They were successively conquered by the Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, and Romans

The rise of Greece destroyed Phoenicia’s eastern Mediterranean trade routes

conflictconflict The Persians then conquered the Phoenicians because of the loss of trade power

Phoenicians retreated to Carthage

There they prospered until the were destroyed by Romans in the Punic Wars

The Persians then conquered the Phoenicians because of the loss of trade power

Phoenicians retreated to Carthage

There they prospered until the were destroyed by Romans in the Punic Wars

Fall of Phoenicia Fall of Phoenicia

The Phoenician empire fell when Alexander the Great defeated Persia.

Over time all of the city states were conquered

Phoenicia and its culture disappeared

It later became Syria

The Phoenician empire fell when Alexander the Great defeated Persia.

Over time all of the city states were conquered

Phoenicia and its culture disappeared

It later became Syria

Summary Summary They failed to use all of their elements of national power

They succeeded economically, but did not use their wealth to protect their own borders

They made contributions which were fundamental in future civilizations

They failed to use all of their elements of national power

They succeeded economically, but did not use their wealth to protect their own borders

They made contributions which were fundamental in future civilizations

TechnologyTechnology

The Alphabet, Bireme, and Glass

The Alphabet, Bireme, and Glass

The AlphabetThe Alphabet

First used Cuneiform Began using alphabet around 1050 BCE

Quicker to learn and easier to use for trading

First used Cuneiform Began using alphabet around 1050 BCE

Quicker to learn and easier to use for trading

BiremeBireme

Ships important to Phoenician society

Made improvements on Unireme to make the Bireme

1st appeared in 8th century BCE

Ships important to Phoenician society

Made improvements on Unireme to make the Bireme

1st appeared in 8th century BCE

GlassGlass

Egyptians first to use glass beads, produced naturally

Phoenicians developed techniques make it artifically

Developed even better technique, glass-blowing, under Roman rule

Egyptians first to use glass beads, produced naturally

Phoenicians developed techniques make it artifically

Developed even better technique, glass-blowing, under Roman rule

EconomyEconomy

Maritime Trade, Trade Empire, Exports

Maritime Trade, Trade Empire, Exports

Maritime TradeMaritime Trade

Most of trade conducted across Mediterranean Sea at ports

Many colonies became trade centers, such as Carthage

Most of trade conducted across Mediterranean Sea at ports

Many colonies became trade centers, such as Carthage

Trade EmpireTrade Empire

Phoenicians controlled trade around Mediterranean between 1200-800 BCE

Many city-states continued to be predominant powers long after this

Phoenicians controlled trade around Mediterranean between 1200-800 BCE

Many city-states continued to be predominant powers long after this

ExportsExports

Main Export: Tyrian Purple powder Manufactured in Sarepta and Mogador from the Murex snail shells

Trading Partners with Greece Traded slaves, wood, glass and purple powder

Main Export: Tyrian Purple powder Manufactured in Sarepta and Mogador from the Murex snail shells

Trading Partners with Greece Traded slaves, wood, glass and purple powder

Human-Environment Interaction

Human-Environment Interaction

The Sea, DyesThe Sea, Dyes

The SeaThe Sea

• The Phoenicians were particularly good when it came to the sea

• Because of this they became a strong naval and trading power of the region

• The Phoenicians were particularly good when it came to the sea

• Because of this they became a strong naval and trading power of the region

DyesDyes

The Phoenicians became famous and wealthy for their dyes, specifically for: Reds- from kermes, tiny bugs that live in oak trees

Blues- African indigos Royal Purple- most famous and important, came from the Murex sea-snail's shells

The Phoenicians became famous and wealthy for their dyes, specifically for: Reds- from kermes, tiny bugs that live in oak trees

Blues- African indigos Royal Purple- most famous and important, came from the Murex sea-snail's shells

Important Individuals Important

Individuals

The Kings of the Phoenicians

The Kings of the Phoenicians

The Kings of the PhoeniciansThe Kings of the Phoenicians Many kings stood out in the Phoenician empire

Hiram I – developed the city Tyre into one of the most important cities of the Phoenician empire

Ithobal I – expanded much of the Phoenician empire and established colonies overseas

Many kings stood out in the Phoenician empire

Hiram I – developed the city Tyre into one of the most important cities of the Phoenician empire

Ithobal I – expanded much of the Phoenician empire and established colonies overseas

Kings (cont.)Kings (cont.)

Elulaios – Assyria captured Tyre under his riegn but he headed many revolts against the Assyrians

Baal-Eser II – was ruler when Phoenicia was at its height of influence and exceeded any other empire

Pygmalion – built the colonies Kition, Cyprus, and Carthage also shifted Phoenicia’s trade from the middle east to the Mediterranean

Elulaios – Assyria captured Tyre under his riegn but he headed many revolts against the Assyrians

Baal-Eser II – was ruler when Phoenicia was at its height of influence and exceeded any other empire

Pygmalion – built the colonies Kition, Cyprus, and Carthage also shifted Phoenicia’s trade from the middle east to the Mediterranean

Social Instiutions Social Instiutions

Religion and Sciences, Government

Religion and Sciences, Government

Religion and SciencesReligion and Sciences

The Phoenicians were polytheists and they built many temples to worship their gods

They were also great administrators, accountants, and engineers.

They built the first temple in Jerusalem in the mid-900’s

The Phoenicians were polytheists and they built many temples to worship their gods

They were also great administrators, accountants, and engineers.

They built the first temple in Jerusalem in the mid-900’s

GovernmentGovernment

The Phoenicians had three different power bases to maintain control:

First came the kings Followed by the temple and the priests

And finally the councils of elders

The Phoenicians had three different power bases to maintain control:

First came the kings Followed by the temple and the priests

And finally the councils of elders

ConflictsConflicts

Early Wars, The Punic Wars

Early Wars, The Punic Wars

Early WarsEarly Wars

Phoenicia was split into many city-states, which fought for control of the seas and trade

In 675 and 640 BCE, the Assyrians invaded and defeated the city-states Tyre and Sidon on the Eastern Mediterranean

The Babylonians attacked Tyre in 585 BCE ,13 years of fighting, ended with compromise in 572 BCE

Phoenicia was split into many city-states, which fought for control of the seas and trade

In 675 and 640 BCE, the Assyrians invaded and defeated the city-states Tyre and Sidon on the Eastern Mediterranean

The Babylonians attacked Tyre in 585 BCE ,13 years of fighting, ended with compromise in 572 BCE

Early WarsEarly Wars

The Eastern Phoenicians allied with Greeks against Persia and Egypt

Persia and Egypt won the fighting in 539 BCE

The Eastern city-states thus went under control of Cyrus the Great, emperor of Persia

The Eastern Phoenicians allied with Greeks against Persia and Egypt

Persia and Egypt won the fighting in 539 BCE

The Eastern city-states thus went under control of Cyrus the Great, emperor of Persia

The Punic WarsThe Punic Wars

The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BCE

In 813 BCE, the Phoenicians founded Carthage, a colony in North Africa which became a predominant city-state

Carthage and Rome were powerful cities in the 200s and 100s which led to their conflicts in the Punic Wars

The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BCE

In 813 BCE, the Phoenicians founded Carthage, a colony in North Africa which became a predominant city-state

Carthage and Rome were powerful cities in the 200s and 100s which led to their conflicts in the Punic Wars

The Punic WarsThe Punic Wars

The First Punic War was a conflict over the control of Sicily between 264 and 241 BCE

The Second Punic War was a series of campaigns led by Hannibal, leader of Carthage, against Roman Italy from 218 to 201 BCE

The Third Punic War was the Siege of Carthage by the Romans from 149 to 146 BCE

The First Punic War was a conflict over the control of Sicily between 264 and 241 BCE

The Second Punic War was a series of campaigns led by Hannibal, leader of Carthage, against Roman Italy from 218 to 201 BCE

The Third Punic War was the Siege of Carthage by the Romans from 149 to 146 BCE

BibliographyBibliography http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia http://phoenicia.org/trade.html http://phoenicia.org/cities.html http://www.geocities.com/soho/lofts/2938/histcult.html

http://www.democracyinlebanon.org/Documents/CDL-Documentaries/Phoenicians(NatGeo).htm

http://store.fantazpets.com/images/puzzles/boats/phoenician.jpg

http://www.oldandsold.com/a1photos/grecian_urns_articles15_pottery_rs.jpg

http://www.unrv.com/provinces/syria.php http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0860355.html

Saggs, H.W.F. The Babylonians Heath, D.C. World History

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia http://phoenicia.org/trade.html http://phoenicia.org/cities.html http://www.geocities.com/soho/lofts/2938/histcult.html

http://www.democracyinlebanon.org/Documents/CDL-Documentaries/Phoenicians(NatGeo).htm

http://store.fantazpets.com/images/puzzles/boats/phoenician.jpg

http://www.oldandsold.com/a1photos/grecian_urns_articles15_pottery_rs.jpg

http://www.unrv.com/provinces/syria.php http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0860355.html

Saggs, H.W.F. The Babylonians Heath, D.C. World History

BibliographyBibliography Gore, Rick, and Robert Clark. "Who were the Phoenicians?"

National Geographic. National Geographic. 11 Nov. 2008 <http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0410/feature2/?fs=www3.nationalgeographic.com>.

"Lebenon." The World Factbook. 6 Nov. 2008. Central Intelligence Agency. 11 Nov. 2008 <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/le.html>.

“Phoenician.” Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Steven, Mark A. ed. 1 vol. Massachusetts: Springfield 2000.

Khalaf, Salim G. "A Bequest Unearthed, Phoenicia,." Phoenician Encyclopedia. Sept. 1996. Encyclopedia Phoeniciana. 11 Nov. 2008 <http://www.phoenicia.org/>.

Gore, Rick, and Robert Clark. "Who were the Phoenicians?" National Geographic. National Geographic. 11 Nov. 2008 <http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0410/feature2/?fs=www3.nationalgeographic.com>.

"Lebenon." The World Factbook. 6 Nov. 2008. Central Intelligence Agency. 11 Nov. 2008 <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/le.html>.

“Phoenician.” Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Steven, Mark A. ed. 1 vol. Massachusetts: Springfield 2000.

Khalaf, Salim G. "A Bequest Unearthed, Phoenicia,." Phoenician Encyclopedia. Sept. 1996. Encyclopedia Phoeniciana. 11 Nov. 2008 <http://www.phoenicia.org/>.