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Chapter 6 : exchange ratedetermination : theory
Michel BEINE
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 1/31
Introduction
In this chapter, look at theoretical approachesexplaining the behaviour of exchange rates → Useful to
Understand the macroeconomic conditions affectingexchange rates → allows to estimate the fundamentalvalue of the exchange rate.
Take corrective actions in terms of policy
Predict exchange rates
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 3/31
Nature of approaches
Competing macroeconomic approaches to understandand predict exchange rates
If not macroeconomic, what else ? → microstructureapproach emphasizing the role of information, orderflows, dealers, traders, customers , ... → see later ifpossible
Each macro approach will emphasize one macroaspect : trade flows, capital flows, money, ... → theycan be used as complements to have a better idea ofthe behaviour of the exchange rate in the long run
But in the short term, failure to explain most movementsof the exchange rate → alternative approaches (suchas technical trading)
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 4/31
Macro approaches
The trade elasticity approach
The PPP approach with Balassa-Samuelson dimension
The monetary view of the exchange rate determinantion
The portfolio balance approach
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 5/31
Section 2 : The Elasticity View of the exchange rate
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 6/31
Idea
Exchange rate is determined by the flow of currencythrough the exchange rate market→ Emphasis on one component of the Balance ofPayment : trade flows
Capital flows not explicitely taken into account → Usefulto
understand the behaviour of economies in the past(restrictions on capital flows
understand the behaviour of developing economies withless developed capital markets
Nevertheless, capital flows can be treated asexogenous shocks ; for endogenous explanation, seeasset view of exchange rate.
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 7/31
Comments on Figure
Determination of s as a fuction of quantity of foreignexchange which is supplied and demanded
2 simple curves : Demand for FX DD : nominal value ofquantity of imports : P ∗QM : where P ∗ is the price ofthe foreign currency price (fixed) and QM is the quantityof imports which is decreasing in PM = P ∗S →downward sloping
Supply of FX : SS: PSQX upward sloping : as s
depreciates (increases), exports less costly → boost ofexports → increase in the supply of FX.
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 8/31
Pegging the exchange rate
If the authorities peg the exchange rate at S0: if there isa shift in the demand for FX, the authorities intervene inthe FX market and supply cp of FX.
If fluctuations are allowed, in this case, authorities allowsome variation in the value of the currency (depreciationof the currency) and they intervene when the exchangerate reaches a higher value → supply of dq only.
this was the case during the period of the EMS : semifixed exchange rate regime
Here the increase in the demand for FX is due to anincrease in the imports or a decrease in the net exports.
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 9/31
The Marshall-Lerner condition
The Marshall-Lerner condition gives the condition underwhich a change in S will have some impact on thebalance of payments (balance of trade):
B = PxX(s) − P ∗
msM(s), where B is the BP, price isexpressed in the home currency, Px is the price ofexports and P ∗
m is the price of imports in foreigncurrency.
Suppose P ∗
m = Px = 1; we have B = X(s) − sM(s)
and dBds
= dxds
− sdMds
− M
everything can reexpressed in terms of home importdemand elasticity sm and foreign demand elasticity forthe home country’s export sx.
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 10/31
The Marshall-Lerner condition
sm = −dMds
sM
sx = −dXds
sX
we get dBds
> 0, i.e. devaluation improves the BP iffX
SMsx + sm − 1 > 0
If trade is balanced ( XSM
= 1), the TB improves if theprice elasticities are high enough , i.e. sx + sm > 1.
If the BP is initially in deficit, then the sum of tradeelasticities wrt s must be higher than 1.
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 11/31
The Marshall-Lerner condition
So far, we have assumed that supply elasticities areinfinite → unrealistic assumptions in some cases →what if we assume that these elasticities are finite
Suppose that trade is balanced
we get dBds
> 0 if
sx(dx−1)sx+sm
+ dm(sm+1)dm+sm
> 0 where sx and sm are home andforeign export supply elasticities; dx and dm are homeand foreign import demand elasticities
First term : increase in country’s export earnings due todevaluation; Second term : increase in country’sspending on imports due to devaluation.
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 12/31
Impact of devaluation on B
Crucial role of dx : foreign country’s import demandelasticity; if sx is quite high:
if dx high : improvement in export’s earnings due to theincrease in exported volume
if dx low (i.e. 0) : decrease in export’s earnings due tothe fact price of exports has decreased and notcompensated by increase in volume.
Small open economy case :dx and sm are close toinfinity → devaluation always improves balance ofpayements.
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 13/31
cases ofdx
In which case dx high or low ?
dx varies across products and thus across countries: fordeveloping countries,dx quite low since people alwaysneed raw materials. → argument against devaluationsin developing countries exporting raw materials.
For normal products,dx quite low in the short run due tomarket positions → first effect ; after a while, shift inmarket shares → dx high enough for virtuous effect → Jcurve concept .
Look at estimated values for the US and the episode ofdepreciation of the USD during the 85-87 period.
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 14/31
US case
imports elasticity and export elasticity sum up > 1 in theLR
response of volume to change in s takes more than 7months
Effect of exchange rate on price is less than 1 →evidence of pricing to market.
income elasticities are quite significant.
→ J-curve effect for the US current account : initially BPworsened but after a while, improvement.
a 20 percent devaluation of s is meant to yield animprovement of 1.45 percent of the CA after 5 yearsand to induce ∆BP > 0 after 2 years.
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 15/31
Section 3 : The Monetary View of Exchange RateDetermination
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 16/31
2 approaches
The flexible price approach assumes that prices areflexible;
In contrast, sticky price approach assumes that pricesare fixed in the short run → long run identical whileshort run different
the sticky price model gives rise to the famousovershooting properties of the exchange rate
In the flex-price approach, PPP is assumed to hold →not supported empirically → might explain whypredictions using the FLMA are not very good.
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 17/31
The flex-price approach
Idea : theory of price determination along with PPP
We consider here a 2-country version : variables with *refer to foreign variables
Each country produces a good and goods are perfectsubstitutes; PPP is assumed to hold :st = pt − p∗t (everything is in log)
In the flex-price approach, PPP is assumed to hold →not supported empirically → might explain why not sogood predictions.
Capital is perfectly mobile and asset holders canrebalance their portfolio instantly
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 18/31
The flex-price approach
Equilibrium in the money markets: △set+1 = (i − i∗)t
Wealth constraint for domestic resident (counterpart forforeign residents not written here) : W = M + B + B∗ orW = M + V where M denotes stock of money and Brefer to bonds. Bonds are perfect substitutes.
equilibrium in the money market implies equilibrium inthe bond markets and the other way around. → focuson the money market → this is why one calls monetaryapproach.
Money demand relationships (Cagan demand formoney): mD
t − pt = α1yt − α2it andmD∗
t − p∗t = α1y∗
t − α2i∗
t
Equilibria in both money markets: mDt = ms
t = mt andmD∗
t = ms∗t = m∗
t Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 19/31
Equilibrium and implications
by substitution, one gets the equilibrium value for st:st = mt − m∗
t − α1(yt − y∗t ) + α2(it − i∗t )
A couple of implications
A x percent increase in domestic money supply leads toan x percent increase (depreciation) in st : inflation by acountry of its currency leads to a decrease in theexternal value of its currency : intuitive
effect of y: leads to an appreciation (less intuitive and insharp contrast with trade approach of FX)
increase in y leads to an increase in money demand →market equilibrium reached with decrease in pt → withPPP, appreciation of st
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 20/31
interpretations
Examples of this : Germany and Japan in the 80’s and90’s : high growth rates and appreciating currencies
Effect of i: an increase in i leads to a depreciation of st
Weired ? no because most effects through moneydemand : decrease in money demand and with fixedsupply, increase in pt → with PPP : depreciation of st.
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 21/31
Forward looking equations
One can build on this to understand why the currentexchange rate displays a great amount of variability wrtto its current fundamental determinants(zt = mt − m∗
t − α1(yt − y∗t ))
We can start from equation ??:st = zt − α2(∆pe − ∆pe∗)t+1
Assuming rational expectations :set+1 = E(st+1|It) = Etst+1
By suceesive substitution, we get
st =1
1 + α2
∞∑
j=0
(α2
1 + α2)jEtzt+j (1)
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 22/31
Forward looking equations
The current exchange rate depends
on the current fundamentals (excess money supplies,excess incomes)
but also on expected fundamentals
Ther impact of current changes in fundamentalsdepend crucially on the perception of the future path ofthese fundamentals;
If the change is perceived as temporary → theexchange rate will be little affected
If the change is perceived as permanent → theexchange rate will depreciate by far more the currentfundamentals imply.
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 23/31
The sticky price version
The monetary approach also has a sticky price version
pt is sticky in the short-run but not in the long run →PPP holds in the LR but not in the short run
This induces some overshooting properties of st: theexchange rate depreciates by more than implied in thelong run by the change in the fundamentals (e.g.excessive money supply).
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 24/31
Mecanisms in the sticky price version
Basic mecanisms.
prices are sticky in the SR, flex in the LR
money demand depends on domestic prices (+) anddomestic interest rates (-)
Uncovered interest rate parity holds on a continuousbasis : it − i∗t = △se
t+1
suppose unexpected increase in domestic moneysupply
to restore the equilibrium, either increase in domesticprices or-and decrease in domestic interest rates
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 25/31
Mecanisms in the sticky price version
But if prices are sticky, decrease in i below i∗ requires△se
t+1 > 0
for this to be possible, one needs that agents anticipe afuture exchange rate appreciation → overshooting of swrt to the long run value.
analysis in terms of figures.
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 26/31
Section 3 : The Portfolio view of Exchange RateDetermination
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 27/31
Weaknesses of previous analysis
Big weakness of previous approach
No role for stock variables
No role for a role of a change in asset stocks →approach accounting for change in positions in assetpositions.
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 28/31
Idea of portfolio approach
Circular determination
Asset stocks
Changes lead to changes in asset prices : interest rates(bonds and money) and exchange rates (currency)
Change leads in changes in in real wealth and realexchange rates
This will affect the current account → changes in netforeign assets
This leads to a change in stocks of assets .
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 29/31
The portfolio approach
No clear evidence in favour of this approach
Nevertheless, might explain some episodes ofexchange rate dynamics that cannot be explained bythe monetary approach
Example : 1978-79 period : Monetary growth inGermany in excess of US monetary growth and ofGerman income growth → the monetary approachwould predict Dmark depreciation
Observe Dmark appreciation wrt USD. Why ? Germancurrent account surplus and US current account deficit→ increase in demand for German assets.
Chapter 6 : exchange rate determination : theory – p. 30/31
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