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page 1 of 11
Progress developing an evaluation methodology for fusion R&D
ARIES Project Meeting
March 4, 2008
M. S. Tillack
page 2 of 11
We have adopted readiness levels as the basis for our evaluation
methodologyTRL Category Generic Description
1
Concept Development
Basic principles observed and formulated.
2 Technology concepts and/or applications formulated.
3Analytical and experimental demonstration of critical function and/or proof of concept.
4
Proof of Principle
Component and/or bench-scale validation in a laboratory environment.
5Component and/or breadboard validation in a relevant environment.
6System/subsystem model or prototype demonstration in relevant environment.
7
Proof of Performance
System prototype demonstration in an operational environment.
8Actual system completed and qualified through test and demonstration.
9 Actual system proven through successful mission operations.
page 3 of 11
GAO encouraged DOE and other government agencies to use TRL’s (a
direct quote), to…• “Provide a common language among the technology
developers, engineers who will adopt/use the technology, and other stakeholders;
• Improve stakeholder communication regarding technology develop-ment – a by-product of the discussion among stakeholders that is needed to negotiate a TRL value;
• Reveal the gap between a technology’s current readiness level and the readiness level needed for successful inclusion in the intended product;
• Identify at-risk technologies that need increased management attention or additional resources for technology development to initiate risk-reduction measures; and
• Increase transparency of critical decisions by identifying key technologies that have been demonstrated to work or by highlighting still immature or unproven technologies that might result in high project risk”
page 4 of 11
How can we apply this to fusion energy?
1. Use criteria from utility advisory committee (and not physical components) to derive issues
2. Relate the issues criteria to fusion-specific, design independent technical and R&D needs
3. Define “Technical Readiness Levels” for the key issues and R&D needs
4. Define the end goal (design or facility) in enough detail to evaluate progress
5. Evaluate status, gaps, R&D facilities and pathways
page 5 of 11
1) Utility Advisory Committee“Criteria for practical fusion power
systems”
Have an economically competitive life-cycle cost of electricity
Gain public acceptance by having excellent safety and environmental characteristics No disturbance of public’s day-to-day activities No local or global atmospheric impact No need for evacuation plan No high-level waste Ease of licensing
Operate as a reliable, available, and stable electrical power source Have operational reliability and high availability Closed, on-site fuel cycle High fuel availability Capable of partial load operation Available in a range of unit sizes
J. Fusion Energy 13 (2/3) 1994.
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2) The criteria for attractive fusion suggest three categories of technology
readiness1. Economic Power Production (Tillack)
a. Control of plasma power flowsb. Heat and particle flux handlingc. High temperature operation and power conversiond. Power core fabricatione. Power core lifetime
2. Safety and Environmental Attractiveness (Steiner)a. Tritium inventory and controlb. Activation product inventory and controlc. Waste management
3. Reliable Plant Operations (Waganer)a. Plasma diagnosis and controlb. Plant integrated controlc. Fuel cycle controld. Maintenance
page 7 of 11
The intent is to be comprehensive based on functions rather than physical
elements
Power flows
1. Economic Power Productiona. Control of plasma power flowsb. Heat and particle flux handlingc. High temperature operation and power
conversiond. Power core fabricatione. Power core lifetime
Power deposition
Power conversion
IP LPHP
Pout
Compressors
RecuperatorIntercoolers
Pre-Cooler
Generator
CompressorTurbine
To/from In-ReactorComponents or Intermediate
Heat Exchanger
1
2
3
4
5 6 7 8
9 10
1BPin
TinTout
η ,C ad η ,T ad
εrec
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Generic Description Fusion-specific Description
1Basic principles observed and formulated.
System studies define tradeoffs and requirements on temperature, effects of temperature defined: chemistry, mechanical properties, stresses.
2Technology concepts and/or applications formulated.
Materials, coolants, cooling systems and power conversion options explored, critical properties and compatibilities defined.
3Analytical and experimental demonstration of critical function and/or proof of concept.
Data in static capsule tests and convection loops, modeling of transport phenomena, high-temperature mechanical properties measured.
4Component and/or bench-scale validation in a laboratory environment.
Loop operation at prototypical temperatures with prototypical materials for long times. Thermomechanical analysis and tests on in-vessel elements (e.g., first wall).
5Component and/or breadboard validation in a relevant environment.
Forced convection loop with prototypical materials, temperatures and gradients for long exposures.
6System/subsystem model or prototype demonstration in relevant environment.
Forced convection loop with prototypical materials, temperatures and gradients for long exposures integrating full power conversion systems.
7System prototype demonstration in an operational environment.
Prototype power conversion system demonstration with artificial heat source.
8Actual system completed and qualified through test and demonstration.
Power conversion system demonstration with fusion heat source.
9Actual system proven through successful mission operations.
Power conversion systems operated to end-of-life in fusion reactor with prototypical conditions and subsystems.
Generic Description Fusion-specific Description
1Basic principles observed and formulated.
System studies define tradeoffs and requirements on temperature, effects of temperature defined: chemistry, mechanical properties, stresses.
2Technology concepts and/or applications formulated.
Materials, coolants, cooling systems and power conversion options explored, critical properties and compatibilities defined.
3Analytical and experimental demonstration of critical function and/or proof of concept.
Data in static capsule tests and convection loops, modeling of transport phenomena, high-temperature mechanical properties measured.
4Component and/or bench-scale validation in a laboratory environment.
Loop operation at prototypical temperatures with prototypical materials for long times. Thermomechanical analysis and tests on in-vessel elements (e.g., first wall).
5Component and/or breadboard validation in a relevant environment.
Forced convection loop with prototypical materials, temperatures and gradients for long exposures.
6System/subsystem model or prototype demonstration in relevant environment.
Forced convection loop with prototypical materials, temperatures and gradients for long exposures integrating full power conversion systems.
7System prototype demonstration in an operational environment.
Prototype power conversion system demonstration with artificial heat source.
8Actual system completed and qualified through test and demonstration.
Power conversion system demonstration with fusion heat source.
9Actual system proven through successful mission operations.
Power conversion systems operated to end-of-life in fusion reactor with prototypical conditions and subsystems.
3) Example TRL table: 1c. High temperature
page 9 of 11
4) An evaluation of readiness requires identification of an end goal
For the sake of illustration, we are considering Demo’s based on mid-term and long-term ARIES power plant design concepts, e.g.
Diverted high confinement mode tokamak burning plasma Low-temperature or high-temperature superconducting magnets He-cooled W or PbLi-cooled SiCf/SiC divertors
Dual-cooled He/PbLi/ferritic steel blankets or single-coolant PbLi with SiCf/SiC
700˚C or 1100˚C outlet temperature with Brayton power cycle
page 10 of 11
5) Example evaluation: High temperature operation and power
conversion
Concept development is largely completed for DCLL. Limited data on ex-vessel parts of power conversion system (e.g., HX)
For TRL4: Need full loop operation at high temperature in a laboratory environment
This is typical of many issues; some are more advanced, but most are stuck at TRL=3
ARIES-AT power conversion TRL is probably at 2.
3Analytical and experimental demonstration of critical function and/or proof of concept.
Data in static capsule tests and convection loops, modeling of transport phenomena, high-temperature mechanical properties measured.
4Component and/or bench-scale validation in a laboratory environment.
Loop operation at prototypical temperatures with prototypical materials for long times. Thermomechanical analysis and tests on in-vessel elements (e.g., first wall).
page 11 of 11
Status of documentation
TRL tables have been drafted, to be presented today
Report:
Outline, Introduction, Methodology complete
Description of issues nearing completion
Definition of the end goal for the evaluation needs completion
Preparing to run through an example evaluation of the whole system
We should obtain community input on TRL definitions to ensure accuracy and buy-in. Town meeting?
PPT progress report to DOE in preparation
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