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OV 4 - 1Copyright © 2011 Element K Content LLC. All rights reserved.
Network Implementations
Ethernet Networks Wireless Networks
OV 4 - 2Copyright © 2011 Element K Content LLC. All rights reserved.
Ethernet
Ethernet LAN within a single buildingEthernet LAN within a single building
OV 4 - 3Copyright © 2011 Element K Content LLC. All rights reserved.
Switched Ethernet
Switched connectionutilizes full bandwidthSwitched connectionutilizes full bandwidth
OV 4 - 4Copyright © 2011 Element K Content LLC. All rights reserved.
Ethernet Frames
7 bytes 1 byte 6 bytes 6 bytes 2 bytes n bytes 4 bytes
Preamble Start-of-Frame Delimiter
Destination address
Source address
Frame type DataFrame Check
Sequence
OV 4 - 5Copyright © 2011 Element K Content LLC. All rights reserved.
MAC Addresses
MAC Address: 00-00-86-47-F6-65
OUIOUI Universal LANMAC AddressUniversal LANMAC Address
Six bytesSix bytes
OV 4 - 6Copyright © 2011 Element K Content LLC. All rights reserved.
Networking Standards
Networking standards: Includes set of specifications, guidelines, or characteristics applied to
network components. Determine all aspects of networking.
OV 4 - 7Copyright © 2011 Element K Content LLC. All rights reserved.
Standards Organizations
Standards Organization
Description
ISO
The largest standards-development body in the world, comprising the national standards institutes of 162 countries. It is a non-governmental Organization issuing voluntary standards in fields from agriculture to textiles.
IEEE
An organization dedicated to advancing theory and technology in electrical sciences. The standards wing of IEEE issues standards in areas such as electronic communications, circuitry, computer engineering, electromagnetics, and nuclear science.
ANSIThe national standards institute of the United States that facilitates the formation of a variety of national standards, as well as promoting those standards internationally.
TIA and EIATrade associations accredited by ANSI to develop and jointly issue standards for telecommunications and electronics.
IETFAn international open committee, consists of working groups, committees, and commercial organizations that work together to develop and maintain Internet standards.
OV 4 - 8Copyright © 2011 Element K Content LLC. All rights reserved.
IEEE 802.x Standards
IEEE Standard Description
802.2A standard developed to address the need for MAC-sub-layer addressing in bridges.
The 802.2 standard specifies the frame size and transmission rate.
802.3A standard issued to standardize Ethernet and expand it to include a wide range of cable media. In addition to the media type, 802.3 also specifies transmission speed and signaling method.
OV 4 - 9Copyright © 2011 Element K Content LLC. All rights reserved.
100BaseTX
The 10Base Standards
10 Mbps
100 Mbps
1000 Mbps10Base Standard
Signal typeSignal type
SpeedSpeed MediaMedia
OV 4 - 10Copyright © 2011 Element K Content LLC. All rights reserved.
Fast Ethernet
An Ethernet technology that can transmit data at speeds of 100 Mbps. The maximum length of the cable is limited to 250 meters and can use either
coaxial cables or optical fibers. It is used as a backbone network to interconnect several LANs.
OV 4 - 11Copyright © 2011 Element K Content LLC. All rights reserved.
Gigabit Ethernet
An Ethernet technology that can transmit data at speeds of 1000 Mbps and primarily uses optical fibers for transmission.
It can be used for distances ranging from 500 to 5000 meters depending on the type of optical fiber used.
The hardware required for Gigabit Ethernet is very expensive when compared with other types of Ethernet.
OV 4 - 12Copyright © 2011 Element K Content LLC. All rights reserved.
Ring-Based Networks
Token ring FDDI
OV 4 - 13Copyright © 2011 Element K Content LLC. All rights reserved.
WLANs
Wireless connectivity device
Wireless connectivity device
Client systemsClient systems
OV 4 - 14Copyright © 2011 Element K Content LLC. All rights reserved.
WLAN Architecture
WLAN Architecture Component
Description
Station (STA) A device that connects an IEEE 802.11 conformant MAC interface to a wireless medium with an Ethernet-like driver interface.
Access Point (AP)A device or software that facilitates communication and provides enhanced security to wireless devices. It also extends the physical range of a WLAN.
Basic Service Set (BSS)
The service set defines the way a WLAN is configured. There are three ways to configure a WLAN – BSS, IBSS, and ESS.
Extended Service Set (ESS)
A configuration of multiple BSSs used to handle mobility on a wireless network. BSSs are connected to a common distribution system such as a wired network.
Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)
A peer-to-peer network where each wireless station acts as both a client and a wireless AP.
Distribution System (DS)
A wired connection between a BSS and a premise-wide network that enables mobility to devices and provides Access to available network resources.
OV 4 - 15Copyright © 2011 Element K Content LLC. All rights reserved.
Wireless Antennas
Wireless Tower Dish Antenna
OV 4 - 16Copyright © 2011 Element K Content LLC. All rights reserved.
Wireless Antenna Types
Directional Antenna
Omni-directional Antenna
OV 4 - 17Copyright © 2011 Element K Content LLC. All rights reserved.
Wireless Antenna Performance Factors
WirelessTechnology Type Description
Infrared
The maximum transmitting distance of an infrared wireless installation is affected by these factors: Bright sunlight Obstacles Smoke, dust, or fog
Radio
The maximum transmitting distance of a radio wireless installation is affected by all of these factors: Signal characteristics of the antenna Environmental conditions Ambient electrical noise Conductive obstacles in the path Presence of other electrical equipment Data transmission rate
Microwave
The maximum transmitting distance of a microwave wireless installation is affected by these factors: Signal characteristics of the antenna Line of sight Distance between transmitting stations
OV 4 - 18Copyright © 2011 Element K Content LLC. All rights reserved.
The IEEE 802.11 Standard
The 802.11 standard is a family of specifications developed by the IEEE for the wireless LAN technology.
802.11 specifies an over-the-air interface between a wireless client and a base station or between two wireless clients.
802.11 defines the access method as CSMA/CA. It specifies spread spectrum radio devices in the 2.4 GHz band for reliability.
The 802.11b standard also defines a multichannel roaming mode and automatic data rate selection.
OV 4 - 19Copyright © 2011 Element K Content LLC. All rights reserved.
802.11 Modes
Mode Description
Infrastructure modeThe infrastructure mode utilizes one or more WAPs to connect workstations to the cable backbone. Infrastructure mode wireless networks use either BSS or ESS.
Ad-hoc modeThe ad-hoc mode, also referred to as IBSS, utilizes a peer-to-peer configuration in which each wireless workstation talks directly to other workstations.
OV 4 - 20Copyright © 2011 Element K Content LLC. All rights reserved.
802.11 Beacon Frames
Management frames that are 50 bytes long and used to start and maintain wireless communications.
Contain information about the communication process, such as the SSID, channel number, and security protocol.
Are periodically sent by APs in 802.11 infrastructure networks, and can be configured to be sent at various intervals.
OV 4 - 21Copyright © 2011 Element K Content LLC. All rights reserved.
How to Install Wireless Clients
To install a wireless client on a computer: Observe necessary anti-static precautions such as using an anti-static wrist
strap to remove a buildup of static charges. Power off the PC and disconnect the power and other cables. Open the PC case and insert the wireless NIC into a PCI, PCIx, PCICMA, or
USB slot. Close the PC case and reconnect the cables. Power on the PC. Install the manufacturer-provided drivers and software. Connect to the wireless network with the operating system's built-in utilities Test the NIC's functionality. Document the steps for installing wireless clients on a PC for future
reference.
OV 4 - 22Copyright © 2011 Element K Content LLC. All rights reserved.
How to Install a Wireless Repeater
To install a wireless repeater: Determine the placement for a repeater. Set up the repeater to work with your wireless network. Test the repeater's functionality by connecting a wireless client to the WLAN. In case performance of the repeater does not improve, reassess its
placement and configuration.
OV 4 - 23Copyright © 2011 Element K Content LLC. All rights reserved.
Basic Wireless Network Implementation
To implement a basic wireless network, follow these guidelines: Choose the appropriate 802.11 technology for your needs, such as 802.11a,
b, g, or n. Choose the appropriate AP placement locations for your network. Install the APs. The specific steps for installing the AP will vary by vendor. Test to ensure that the installation is appropriately-sized, secure, and
operational. Document the steps and establish a baseline for future installations.
OV 4 - 24Copyright © 2011 Element K Content LLC. All rights reserved.
Reflective Questions
1. What are some of the challenges that you might face when
implementing a wireless network and how do you plan to overcome
these challenges?
2. In your opinion, what is the significance of Ethernet standards on
networks today?
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