OV 4 - 1 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Network Implementations Ethernet Networks Wireless Networks

OV 4 - 1Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.

Network Implementations

Ethernet Networks Wireless Networks


Ethernet

Ethernet LAN within a single buildingEthernet LAN within a single building


Switched Ethernet

Switched connectionutilizes full bandwidthSwitched connectionutilizes full bandwidth


Ethernet Frames

7 bytes 1 byte 6 bytes 6 bytes 2 bytes n bytes 4 bytes

Preamble Start-of-Frame Delimiter

Destination address

Source address

Frame type DataFrame Check

Sequence


MAC Addresses

MAC Address: 00-00-86-47-F6-65

OUIOUI Universal LANMAC AddressUniversal LANMAC Address

Six bytesSix bytes


Networking Standards

Networking standards: Includes set of specifications, guidelines, or characteristics applied to network

components. Determine all aspects of networking.


Standards Organizations

Standards Organization

Description

ISO

The largest standards-development body in the world, comprising the national standards institutes of 162 countries. It is a non-governmental Organization issuing voluntary standards in fields from agriculture to textiles.

IEEE

An organization dedicated to advancing theory and technology in electrical sciences. The standards wing of IEEE issues standards in areas such as electronic communications, circuitry, computer engineering, electromagnetics, and nuclear science.

ANSIThe national standards institute of the United States that facilitates the formation of a variety of national standards, as well as promoting those standards internationally.

TIA and EIATrade associations accredited by ANSI to develop and jointly issue standards for telecommunications and electronics.

IETFAn international open committee, consists of working groups, committees, and commercial organizations that work together to develop and maintain Internet standards.


IEEE 802.x Standards

IEEE Standard Description

802.2A standard developed to address the need for MAC-sub-layer addressing in bridges.

The 802.2 standard specifies the frame size and transmission rate.

802.3A standard issued to standardize Ethernet and expand it to include a wide range of cable media. In addition to the media type, 802.3 also specifies transmission speed and signaling method.


100BaseTX

The 10Base Standards

10 Mbps

100 Mbps

1000 Mbps10Base Standard

Signal typeSignal type

SpeedSpeed MediaMedia


Fast Ethernet

An Ethernet technology that can transmit data at speeds of 100 Mbps. The maximum length of the cable is limited to 250 meters and can use either

coaxial cables or optical fibers. It is used as a backbone network to interconnect several LANs.


Gigabit Ethernet

An Ethernet technology that can transmit data at speeds of 1000 Mbps and primarily uses optical fibers for transmission.

It can be used for distances ranging from 500 to 5000 meters depending on the type of optical fiber used.

The hardware required for Gigabit Ethernet is very expensive when compared with other types of Ethernet.


Ring-Based Networks

Token ring FDDI


WLANs

Wireless connectivity device

Wireless connectivity device

Client systemsClient systems


WLAN Architecture

WLAN Architecture Component

Description

Station (STA) A device that connects an IEEE 802.11 conformant MAC interface to a wireless medium with an Ethernet-like driver interface.

Access Point (AP)A device or software that facilitates communication and provides enhanced security to wireless devices. It also extends the physical range of a WLAN.

Basic Service Set (BSS)

The service set defines the way a WLAN is configured. There are three ways to configure a WLAN – BSS, IBSS, and ESS.

Extended Service Set (ESS)

A configuration of multiple BSSs used to handle mobility on a wireless network. BSSs are connected to a common distribution system such as a wired network.

Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)

A peer-to-peer network where each wireless station acts as both a client and a wireless AP.

Distribution System (DS)

A wired connection between a BSS and a premise-wide network that enables mobility to devices and provides Access to available network resources.


Wireless Antennas

Wireless Tower Dish Antenna


Wireless Antenna Types

Directional Antenna

Omni-directional Antenna


Wireless Antenna Performance Factors

WirelessTechnology Type Description

Infrared

The maximum transmitting distance of an infrared wireless installation is affected by these factors:Bright sunlightObstaclesSmoke, dust, or fog

Radio

The maximum transmitting distance of a radio wireless installation is affected by all of these factors: Signal characteristics of the antenna Environmental conditions Ambient electrical noise Conductive obstacles in the path Presence of other electrical equipment Data transmission rate

Microwave

The maximum transmitting distance of a microwave wireless installation is affected by these factors:Signal characteristics of the antenna Line of sight Distance between transmitting stations


The IEEE 802.11 Standard

The 802.11 standard is a family of specifications developed by the IEEE for the wireless LAN technology.

802.11 specifies an over-the-air interface between a wireless client and a base station or between two wireless clients.

802.11 defines the access method as CSMA/CA. It specifies spread spectrum radio devices in the 2.4 GHz band for reliability.

The 802.11b standard also defines a multichannel roaming mode and automatic data rate selection.


802.11 Modes

Mode Description

Infrastructure modeThe infrastructure mode utilizes one or more WAPs to connect workstations to the cable backbone. Infrastructure mode wireless networks use either BSS or ESS.

Ad-hoc modeThe ad-hoc mode, also referred to as IBSS, utilizes a peer-to-peer configuration in which each wireless workstation talks directly to other workstations.


802.11 Beacon Frames

Management frames that are 50 bytes long and used to start and maintain wireless communications.

Contain information about the communication process, such as the SSID, channel number, and security protocol.

Are periodically sent by APs in 802.11 infrastructure networks, and can be configured to be sent at various intervals.


Reflective Questions

1. What are some of the challenges that you might face when implementing a wireless network and how do you plan to overcome these challenges?

2. In your opinion, what is the significance of Ethernet standards on networks today?

Documents

OV 4 - 1 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Network Implementations Ethernet Networks Wireless Networks