Origins of the Cold War Chapter 26. 1945- A Critical Year FDR never understood how mad the Russians...

Origins of the Cold War Chapter 26

1945- A Critical Year

• FDR never understood how mad the Russians were at the United States for getting involved in the war so late

• This is also when the United Nations was formed

Postwar Conflict

• The United States feared satellite nations, countries that were politically and economically dominated by the Soviets during the Cold War

• The Soviets wanted to spread Communism throughout the world. (WB, IMF)

Iron Curtain• The Iron Curtain was the division between

Communist and non-Communist life• This resulted in the Cold War the division

between the United States and the Soviets for power

• George Kennan an American diplomat stationed in Moscow, analyzed Soviet behavior and told the United States that the Soviets wanted Communism around the world

• The United States wanted to contain Communism (already lost in Eastern Europe)

• Truman Doctrine- the United States is a world leader and will support nations so they do not fall to Communism

The Marshall Plan

The Marshall Plan

• About 21 million people were homeless in Europe

• We wanted to help restore these countries so another war like this would never happen

• We passed the Marshall Plan to help the nations of Europe recover economically

Berlin Airlift

• 200,000 flights to deliver food, fuel, and other supplies to West Berlin

• NATO- (North Atlantic Trade Organization)- “an armed attack against one or more of them….shall be an attack against all” (FOR PROTECTON) (BUILD A MORE POWERFUL BOMB)

• Warsaw Pact- a military alliance with Soviet Union satellite nations

• HUAC- began to investigate people to see if they were member of the Communist Party, especially celebrities

• Hollywood Ten- ten actor who refused to answer Communist Questions. Served a year in jail.

• Studios complied a blacklist names of people who could not be hired.

• Congress then passed the McCarran-Walter Act which limited the number of people to come to the USA from Southern and Central Europe

Chinese Civil War

• Jiang- led the Nationalist Party

• Mao Zedong- led the Communist Party (WHEN HE TOOK POWER WE WANTED TO PROTECT ASIA)

• Communists came to power in 1949

Chinese Civil War

• Jiang- led the Nationalist Party

• Mao Zedong- led the Communist Party (WHEN HE TOOK POWER WE WANTED TO PROTECT ASIA)

• Communists came to power in 1949

The McCarthy Era

• “I hold a piece of paper in my hand that shows 205 people at the State Department are Communists”

• McCarthyism- terms used to describe his anticommunists smear tactics (VIOLATED RIGHTS)

• The Army-McCarthy hearings caused him to fade quickly

The Middle East

• The United States worked to prevent oil-rich Arab nations from falling under the influence of the Soviet Union

• The Arab nations tended to buy into the idea of Communism

The Korean War

• 38th Parallel- the latitude line running across Korea at the midpoint of the country

• The War started when the North Koreans crossed the 38th

Korean War cont.• The first half of the twentieth century

Korea was controlled by Japan

• The United States thought it was Soviet Union (video game)

• The United Nations wanted to restore peace

General MacArthur

• He was able to cut off resources from North Korea after they invaded South Korea

• Wanted attack to the Chinese mainland but Truman turned him down

• War ended up in a stalemate

The Effects of the War

• 54,000 Killed

• 103,000 Wounded

• The Korean War was the first time White American and African Americans fought in the same units

• Military Industrial Complex- a military establishment that employed 3.5 million Americans

US vs Soviets

• The Arms Race was the struggle to gain weapon superiority

• The goal for the United States was to establish deterrence. Deterrence is scaring your opponent so much, so they are to afraid to act.

• Brinkmanship- a policy of risking war to protect national interests

• ICBM’s (Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles) long range Soviet rockets

• Sputnik- the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth

• U-2 incident- was when the Soviets shot down an American U-2 spy plane

Cuban Missile Crisis

• Photographs were taken by an American spy plane that showed the Soviets were building missiles in Cuba

• Cuba is only 90 miles from Key West

• The Cuban Missile Crisis was a terrifying standoff between the US and the Soviets.

• It put us on the brink of nuclear war

Kennedy’s Options

• 1. Continue talking with the Soviets, problem is it would give the Soviets more time to finishing building missiles

• 2. Invade Cuba, problem risked an all out nuclear war

• 3. Blockade Cuba, problem no one knew how Khrushchev would react

• 4. Bomb the Missile Sites, problem is it could start the war.

Kennedy Decides

• He offered a naval “quarantine” around Cuba

• He was careful not to call it a “blockade” because that was an act of war

The World Waits

• Thirteen ships were stopped by the navy but they only had oil and were allowed to proceed

• Then the Soviets called their ships back, but they still were building missiles in Cuba

• Then Kennedy got two letters from Khrushchev

• It said the Soviets will remove their missiles in Cuba if the US removes their missiles in Turkey

• Kennedy was a hero and kept in close contact with Khrushchev in hope to prevent a future crisis

• The Limited Ban Treaty banned nuclear testing above the ground (only on water)