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Origins of the Cold War Chapter 26
1945- A Critical Year
• FDR never understood how mad the Russians were at the United States for getting involved in the war so late
• This is also when the United Nations was formed
Postwar Conflict
• The United States feared satellite nations, countries that were politically and economically dominated by the Soviets during the Cold War
• The Soviets wanted to spread Communism throughout the world. (WB, IMF)
Iron Curtain• The Iron Curtain was the division between
Communist and non-Communist life• This resulted in the Cold War the division
between the United States and the Soviets for power
• George Kennan an American diplomat stationed in Moscow, analyzed Soviet behavior and told the United States that the Soviets wanted Communism around the world
• The United States wanted to contain Communism (already lost in Eastern Europe)
• Truman Doctrine- the United States is a world leader and will support nations so they do not fall to Communism
The Marshall Plan
• About 21 million people were homeless in Europe
• We wanted to help restore these countries so another war like this would never happen
• We passed the Marshall Plan to help the nations of Europe recover economically
Berlin Airlift
• 200,000 flights to deliver food, fuel, and other supplies to West Berlin
• NATO- (North Atlantic Trade Organization)- “an armed attack against one or more of them….shall be an attack against all” (FOR PROTECTON) (BUILD A MORE POWERFUL BOMB)
• Warsaw Pact- a military alliance with Soviet Union satellite nations
• HUAC- began to investigate people to see if they were member of the Communist Party, especially celebrities
• Hollywood Ten- ten actor who refused to answer Communist Questions. Served a year in jail.
• Studios complied a blacklist names of people who could not be hired.
• Congress then passed the McCarran-Walter Act which limited the number of people to come to the USA from Southern and Central Europe
Chinese Civil War
• Jiang- led the Nationalist Party
• Mao Zedong- led the Communist Party (WHEN HE TOOK POWER WE WANTED TO PROTECT ASIA)
• Communists came to power in 1949
Chinese Civil War
• Jiang- led the Nationalist Party
• Mao Zedong- led the Communist Party (WHEN HE TOOK POWER WE WANTED TO PROTECT ASIA)
• Communists came to power in 1949
The McCarthy Era
• “I hold a piece of paper in my hand that shows 205 people at the State Department are Communists”
• McCarthyism- terms used to describe his anticommunists smear tactics (VIOLATED RIGHTS)
• The Army-McCarthy hearings caused him to fade quickly
The Middle East
• The United States worked to prevent oil-rich Arab nations from falling under the influence of the Soviet Union
• The Arab nations tended to buy into the idea of Communism
The Korean War
• 38th Parallel- the latitude line running across Korea at the midpoint of the country
• The War started when the North Koreans crossed the 38th
Korean War cont.• The first half of the twentieth century
Korea was controlled by Japan
• The United States thought it was Soviet Union (video game)
• The United Nations wanted to restore peace
General MacArthur
• He was able to cut off resources from North Korea after they invaded South Korea
• Wanted attack to the Chinese mainland but Truman turned him down
• War ended up in a stalemate
The Effects of the War
• 54,000 Killed
• 103,000 Wounded
• The Korean War was the first time White American and African Americans fought in the same units
• Military Industrial Complex- a military establishment that employed 3.5 million Americans
US vs Soviets
• The Arms Race was the struggle to gain weapon superiority
• The goal for the United States was to establish deterrence. Deterrence is scaring your opponent so much, so they are to afraid to act.
• Brinkmanship- a policy of risking war to protect national interests
• ICBM’s (Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles) long range Soviet rockets
• Sputnik- the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth
• U-2 incident- was when the Soviets shot down an American U-2 spy plane
Cuban Missile Crisis
• Photographs were taken by an American spy plane that showed the Soviets were building missiles in Cuba
• Cuba is only 90 miles from Key West
• The Cuban Missile Crisis was a terrifying standoff between the US and the Soviets.
• It put us on the brink of nuclear war
Kennedy’s Options
• 1. Continue talking with the Soviets, problem is it would give the Soviets more time to finishing building missiles
• 2. Invade Cuba, problem risked an all out nuclear war
• 3. Blockade Cuba, problem no one knew how Khrushchev would react
• 4. Bomb the Missile Sites, problem is it could start the war.
Kennedy Decides
• He offered a naval “quarantine” around Cuba
• He was careful not to call it a “blockade” because that was an act of war
The World Waits
• Thirteen ships were stopped by the navy but they only had oil and were allowed to proceed
• Then the Soviets called their ships back, but they still were building missiles in Cuba
• Then Kennedy got two letters from Khrushchev
• It said the Soviets will remove their missiles in Cuba if the US removes their missiles in Turkey
• Kennedy was a hero and kept in close contact with Khrushchev in hope to prevent a future crisis
• The Limited Ban Treaty banned nuclear testing above the ground (only on water)
