View
0
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
2018-12-05Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 1
ORGANIC WASTE DIVERSION STRATEGIES AND POLICIES
IN EUROPE, PERSPECTIVE FROM SWEDEN
Åsa Bergérus Rensvik,Remediation and Waste unit
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency
Für Mensch & Umwelt
Organic waste diversion strategies and policies in Europe, Perspective from Germany
Kuala Lumpur, 24.10.2018
Anja SchwetjeUmweltbundesamt - German Environment AgencyIII 2.4 Waste Technology, Waste Technology Transfer
305.12.2018 German Environment Agency / ISWA World Congress 2018, Kuala Lumpur
405.12.2018 German Environment Agency / ISWA World Congress 2018, Kuala Lumpur
The waste hierarchy – basicprinciple for waste management
2018-12-05 Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 5
Prevention
Reuse
Preparation for reuse
Recycling
Energy recovery
Disposal
Treatment of household waste, 1975-2016
2018-12-05 Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 6
2017: 33,8 %
2017: 15,5 %
2017: 50,2 %
2017: 0,5 %
Material recycling
Biological treament
Energy recovery
Landfilling
Used instruments
2018-12-05 Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 7
Extended producer responsibility since 1994
Local waste management planning since 1979
Tax on landfilling since 1999
Ban on landfilling combustible waste (2002) and organic waste (2005)
Government investment grants 1998-2005
No tax on biogas (when used as vehicle fuel)
Material recycling
Biological treament
Energy recovery
Landfilling
Important factors for a our success - A mix of policy tools
2018-12-05 Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 8
• Legal instruments (Waste hierarchy, National Waste Management Plan, Mandatory recycling targets, bans on landfilling of combustible waste and organic waste etc.)
• Economic instruments (Tax on landfilling, municipal charges, investment grants etc.)
• Engineering instruments (spatial planning, sustainable planning of infrastructure )
• Informative instruments (education, awareness-raising, communication, knowledge exchange)
Waste Management + Instruments / Germany / 1990 - 2016
905.12.2018 German Environment Agency / ISWA World Congress 2018, Kuala Lumpur
Source: adapted fromhttps://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesamtwirtschaftUmwelt/Umwelt/UmweltstatistischeErhebungen/Abfallwirtschaft/Abfallwirtschaft.html;jsessionid=7932509700875DE6FD392EB6B4247BEA.InternetLive1
Recycling (separately collected waste)
Incineration
Mechanical –Biological TreatmentLandfill
2005: Landfill ban for untreatedhousehold &similiar waste
1991: Extended Producer Responsibility
Biological Treatment (separately collected biowaste)
1995: Polluter-Pays Principle, 3-tier Waste Hierarchy
2015: Separate collection of biowaste mandatory
Inhabitants: 2000: 82,25 Mio. / 2015: 82,18 Mio.
Methane Emission Reduction from Landfills
1005.12.2018 German Environment Agency / ISWA World Congress 2018, Kuala Lumpur
0
500
1000
1500
2000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Strict legal limitation for landfilling of waste: Total Organic Carbon TOC: < 1 % landfill class I; < 3 % landfill class II (both classes: non-hazardous waste)Special criteria for landfilling of waste from bio-mechanical treatment facilities: TOC: < 18 %, Respiration Activity AT4 < 5 mg/m3, Gas Formation Rate GB21 < 20 ml/g
Landfill banfor untreated householdand similiar waste in effect
Source: Wolfgang Butz/ Umweltbundesamt
1000
tons
CH
4
Source separation of waste in households in Sweden
2018-12-05 Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 11
• An average household is required to source separate between 10-15 different waste fractions
Example on fractions that households source separate:
- Food waste- Garden waste- Packaging of metal, plastic, paper
and glass- Electronics- Newspapers- Hazardous waste- Pharmaceuticals - Tires- Batteries- Bulky waste- Etc…
Collection schemes for food waste in Sweden• Source separation in paper bags and separate bins is the most common
collection scheme
• Source separation in biodegradable bags and separate bins • Source separation in green plastic bags and optic sorting
• Home composting
• Collection of windfall-fruit in big 1 m³ bags
2018-12-05 Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 12
Municipal collection of food wastein Sweden• 73 % of municipalities offer some form of collection system for food
waste
• In most municipalities it is voluntary for households to source separate food waste
• Most of the food waste is treated trough anaerobic digestion
• Some municipalities have started to collect windfall- fruit waste for anaerobic digestion
• Communication and information important instruments!
2018-12-05 Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 13
National target regarding food waste in Sweden
Target: By 2018, at least 50 percent of food waste from households, institutional kitchens, shops and restaurants must be sorted and processed biologically so that plant nutrients are utilized, with at least 40 percent being processed so that energy is also utilized.
2018-12-05 Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 14
Year Target By composting By anaerobic digestion
Target 2018 50 % 10 % 40 %
In 2014, 47 % of food waste was biologically treated…However!
Not all plant nutrients in treated food waste were recycled
Year Result By composting By anaerobic digestion
2014 38 % 11 % 27 %
Biological treatment of food waste in 2014 in Sweden
2018-12-05 Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 15
935 000 tons food waste generated from households, institutional kitchens, restaurants and shops
439 000 tons of food waste was biologically treated trough anaerobic digestion and composting
• 338 000 tons was anaerobically digested• 101 000 tons was composted (incl. home
composting)
100 %
47 %
36 % anaerobic d.
11 % compost
How biogas and bio-fertilizer are used as resources in Sweden
2018-12-05 Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 16
2000 city buses run on biogas
21 % of fuel that municipal garbage trucks run on is biogas
80 % of the biogas produced from food waste is upgraded to vehicle fuel
1,7 million ton bio-fertilizer is used in agricultural farm land.
Separate Collection of MSW / Germany
1705.12.2018 German Environment Agency / ISWA World Congress 2018, Kuala Lumpur
0
50
100
150
200
250
RemainingHousehold
Waste + BulkyWaste
SeparatelyCollectedOrganicWaste
SeparatelyCollected
RecyclableWaste
Other Waste
Household Waste Generationin total 455 kg per Inhabitant
Source: https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesamtwirtschaftUmwelt/Umwelt/UmweltstatistischeErhebungen/Abfallwirtschaft/Abfallwirtschaft.html
2015
kg per capita
Household Waste Management / Germany
18
Separately-collected Waste
Re-use
Mixed/Residual Waste
Household and similar waste
Bulky Waste
Sorting…Treatment
Mechanical -Biological
Treatment (MBT)
Recycling + Energy-Recovery
(Co-) Incineration
Biological Processes
DisposalLandfill
Photos: Mülltrennen_Martina_Berg / Fotolia.com, Biotonne_eyetronic / Fotolia.com, Recyclinganlage_azthesmudger / Fotolia.com, und UBA: Bernd Engelmann, Tim Herrmann, Anja Schwetje
05.12.2018 German Environment Agency / ISWA World Congress 2018, Kuala Lumpur
Energy-Recovery + Recycling
BackyardComposting
Food- / Bio- / Green Waste
1905.12.2018 German Environment Agency / ISWA World Congress 2018, Kuala Lumpur
Germany: Backyard Composting
Separate Collection & Treatment of Biowaste> 60% Agriculture+Forestry17% Landscaping20% Private use
97% Agriculture+Forestry3% Landscaping
Mechanical-Biological Treatment (MBT)
MBT plants are a combination ofmechanical processing • to separate the high calorific fractions of the residual
waste to be used as RDF • to separate the recyclablesandbiological treatment of the fine fraction for stabilization in order to achieve of the criteria for landfill
MBTs process only mixed / residual waste
20
Mechanical-Biological Treatment + Incineration Plants / Germany
2105.12.2018 German Environment Agency / ISWA World Congress 2018, Kuala Lumpur
44 MBT/MBS Plants – Capacity: About 4.5 mil. tons/year 66 MSW-Incinerators - Capacity: About 20 mil. tons/year32 Thermal Treatment Plants (RDF) - Capacity: 5.7 mil. tons/year
Financing of waste managementTwo main financing streams for household waste:
• Municipal waste management fees- Covers costs for collection, treatment, information…- Non-profit!- Can be differentiated to motivate households to source separate food waste
• Extended Producers Responsibility
-Financing own systems trough product fees and revenue from sold material
Government
- Government investment grants for biogas production 1998-2005)
- No tax on biogas when used as vehicle fuel
2018-12-05 Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 22
Governmentalassignments to reduce food waste in Sweden
2018-12-05
Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency
23
I: 2013-2015
II: 2017-2019
National Food AgencySwedish Board of Agriculture Environmental Protection Agency
Government commission I: 2013-2015The assignment included:• Analyze opportunities and obstacles for reducing food waste• Promote increased cooperation between stakeholders• Implement targeted information activities for consumers• Disseminate information on best practice• Encourage greater use of inevitable food waste for biogas production
Government commission II: 2017-2019• “…develop action plan for reduced food waste that will guide
the work until the year 2030”• in close collaboration with relevant players
2018-12-05
Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency
24
Food Waste Prevention - Germany
2505.12.2018 German Environment Agency / ISWA World Congress 2018, Kuala Lumpur
Background:- one out of eight food items bought ends up as waste; - Private households throw away about 6.7 million tons of food per year;- Approx. 82 kilos of food waste per person annually,
equivalent to about 230 €.
Food Waste Prevention - GermanyToo good for the bin - an initiative of the Federal Government to avoid food waste
Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL):- Public information and participation campaign launched in spring 2012
Website of the initiative www.zugutfuerdietonne.de (only in German) offers - background information and useful tips how to better buy, store and eat food- large database for recipes with leftovers contributed by top chefs and celebrities - interactive test to find out how to reduce food waste best;- Experts’ advice and information from trade, politics and science;- nationwide days of action against food waste "Wir retten Lebensmittel!" ("We save Food!")
with the highlight of a long table in a central square of each city
- Development of Indicators, Studies
German Environment Agency- Developing tools and guidance (for and with private sector)https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/prevention-of-food-waste-in-the-catering-sectorhttps://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/development-of-tools-to-prevent-food-waste
2605.12.2018 German Environment Agency / ISWA World Congress 2018, Kuala Lumpur
Food Waste Prevention- GermanyTAFELN• First Tafel in Berlin in 1993, currently more than 930 Tafel• Large volunteer based non-profit organizations • Only food, which is donated, is distributed • Rent, transport and administrative costs are covered by private donations and the business
community
The Tafel are working on bridging the gap between excess on the one hand and lack on the other
Good food that would go the waste is collected and distributed for free or a symbolic amount to socially and economically disadvantaged people. All the involved parties benefit: • Grocers and producers take on social responsibility;• more than 1.5 million people in need receive
high quality groceries;• Food waste is reduced protecting the environment
and valuable resources.
https://www.tafel.de/english-information/05.12.2018 / German Environment Agency / ISWA World Congress 2018, Kuala Lumpur 27
2018-12-05Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 28
Thank you for your attention!
Åsa Bergérus Rensvik
Asa.bergerus-rensvik@naturvardsverket.se
Pictures used in this presentiation come from: The Swedish EPA, Avfall Sverige, Batteriåtervinningen, Envac, El-Kretsen.
29
Thank youfor your attention!Anja Schwetje
UmweltbundesamtWoerlitzer Platz 1 - 06844 Dessau-Rosslau - Germanyanja.schwetje@uba.de http://www.umweltbundesamt.de
Recommended