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Oceans
Objective
8.E.1.2
Summarize evidence that Earth's
oceans are a reservoir of nutrients,
minerals, dissolved gases, and life forms:
estuaries, marine ecosystems,
upwelling, and behavior of gases in the
marine environment, and deep ocean
technology and understandings
gained.
The Oceans
Oceans are the largest bodies of water on Earth.
Oceans account for 97% of all water on Earth.
We have 5 Oceans total:
1. Atlantic
2. Pacific
3. Indian
4. Arctic
5. Southern
The 5 Oceans
Ocean Zones
Intertidal Zone The intertidal zone, sometimes referred to as the
“seashore”, is the area that is above water at low
tide and under water at high tide.
This area can include many different types of
habitats, with many types of animals, such as crabs,
starfish, sea urchins, and numerous species of coral.
Organisms living in the intertidal zone have adapted
to an environment of harsh extremes
the temperature range can be anything from very
hot with full sun to near freezing in colder climates.
Intertidal ZoneLow Tide – The intertidal zone becomes
dry from low water levels.
High Tide – The intertidal zone becomes
submerged with water.
Neritic Zone
The neritic zone is the relatively shallow
part of the ocean between the low tide
mark and the continental shelf.
The neritic zone receives plenty of sunlight
with a relatively stable temperature,
making it suitable for aquatic plant life.
The consistent temperatures and low
pressure allow for marine life as small as
plankton all the way to large fish, to thrive.
Oceanic Zone It is the region of open sea beyond the edge
of the continental shelf where the water
measures 200 meters deep, or deeper.
The oceanic zone has a wide array of
undersea terrain, including crevices that are
often deeper than Mount Everest is tall, as well
as deep-sea volcanoes and ocean basins.
While it is often difficult for life to sustain itself in
this type of environment, some species do
thrive in the oceanic zone.
Oceanic ZoneOceanographers divide the oceanic zone into zones
according to how far down sunlight penetrates.
Photic Zone: 0-200m
Epipelagic (Sunlight)
Aphotic Zone: 200-4,000m
Mesopelagic (Twilight) & Bathypelagic
(Midnight)
Abyssal Zone: ≥ 4,000m
Abyssopelagic (The Abyss) & Hadalpelagic (The
Trenches)
The Sunlight Zone
The Twilight Zone
The Midnight Zone
The Abyssal Zone
Ocean
Exploration
Divers
Deep sea divers
were the very first
methods of
exploring the
ocean.
Sonar = SOund Navigation And Ranging
A system that sends sound pings to measure
the distance between objects in water
Sonar
Submersibles
Satellites, sonar, and divers only scratch the surface of the oceans. Submersibles alone enable us to explore the abyssal depths.
Submersible are capable of meeting the many challenges that the deep sea imposes upon explorers.
Main types of submersibles:
Submarines
ROV (remotely operated vehicle)
Underwater Habitat
ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle)
Under Water Habitat
What are some of the
benefits of these new
technologies?
Parts of the Sea Floor
Mariana Trench
The Mariana Trench or Marianas
Trench is the deepest part of
the world's oceans. It is located
in the western Pacific Ocean, to
the east of the Mariana Islands
http://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=Y2tm40uMhDI
http://www.virginoceanic.com/
Hydrothermal Vent
Areas of the sea floor, where hot water, heated by magma, rushes
out
Ocean Water
Salinity
Is a measure of the amount
of dissolved salt in the ocean
The oceans salinity has
stayed the same for the past
1.5 billion years
Salts (Sodium Chloride)
NaCl is the chemical formula
of salt. It means 1 atom of (Na)
Sodium combined with 1 atom
of (Cl)Chlorine.
Ocean water is a solution.
Sodium Chloride is the main
solute
For every 100 grams of water
there are 3.5 grams of salt
SaltsMass of Salt
Recovered
(grams)
Percentage
of Total Salts
Sodium chloride 2.72 77.71
Magnesium chloride 0.38 10.86
Magnesium sulfate 0.17 4.86
Calcium sulfate 0.13 3.71
Potassium sulfate 0.08 2.29
Calcium carbonate 0.01 0.29
Magnesium bromide 0.01 0.29
Total Salt 3.5 100%
Salt Water Density
Salt water is more dense than fresh
water
Ex. The dead sea Is so dense
people float on it
Salt water has a higher mass and
therefore a higher density.
The Dead Sealocated by Jordan to the east
and Israel and Palestine to the west.
TemperatureWarm water is less dense than cold
water so it stays on the surface
The deeper you go, the colder and
more dense the water is.
Elements in the Ocean
There is oxygen, CO2, and other gases in the ocean…just like our atmosphere!
All 92 naturally occurring elements can be found in the ocean water or floor.
Resources of the
Ocean
Fish and other food sources for eating!
Resources of the Ocean
Oil Deposits have been found along the shores, 30% of the world’s oil is pumped from below the seafloor
Resources of the OceanMinerals are on the ocean floor such
as, iron, cobalt, copper, lead, gold, tin,
diamond, salt, and gravel
Ocean
Movement
Ocean CurrentsAn Ocean Current is a mass of moving
water in the ocean
Surface Currents originate from strong winds
blowing over the ocean that are set in
motion by uneven heating of Earth’s
surface; cover large area.
Northern Hemisphere – Clockwise
Southern Hemisphere – Counter Clockwise
Ex. Gulf Stream
Deep Currents
Dense ocean water is by the poles, because
it is cold.
The cold water travels along the ocean floor
Deep Currents
Upwelling –
When water
moves from
great depths to
the surface
bringing
nutrients
Deep Currents
Downwelling
– When water
moves from
the surface to
great depths
bringing O2
Humans &
Our Oceans
Overfishing When people
catch fish at a
faster rate than
they reproduce
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cb
N161yBBGA
By-Catch
Are the fish
that are
caught by a
net, but are
thrown back to
sea, 30% of fish
go back to
sea, dead or
alive
Ocean Pollution
44% of Ocean pollution comes from
runoff
33% is from air pollution
12% is from shipping and oil spills
10% is from ocean dumping
1% is from offshore drilling
Ocean
Pollution
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