Oceans

Objective

8.E.1.2

Summarize evidence that Earth's

oceans are a reservoir of nutrients,

minerals, dissolved gases, and life forms:

estuaries, marine ecosystems,

upwelling, and behavior of gases in the

marine environment, and deep ocean

technology and understandings

gained.

The Oceans

Oceans are the largest bodies of water on Earth.

Oceans account for 97% of all water on Earth.

We have 5 Oceans total:

1. Atlantic

2. Pacific

3. Indian

4. Arctic

5. Southern

The 5 Oceans

Ocean Zones

Intertidal Zone The intertidal zone, sometimes referred to as the

“seashore”, is the area that is above water at low

tide and under water at high tide.

This area can include many different types of

habitats, with many types of animals, such as crabs,

starfish, sea urchins, and numerous species of coral.

Organisms living in the intertidal zone have adapted

to an environment of harsh extremes

the temperature range can be anything from very

hot with full sun to near freezing in colder climates.

Intertidal ZoneLow Tide – The intertidal zone becomes

dry from low water levels.

High Tide – The intertidal zone becomes

submerged with water.

Neritic Zone

The neritic zone is the relatively shallow

part of the ocean between the low tide

mark and the continental shelf.

The neritic zone receives plenty of sunlight

with a relatively stable temperature,

making it suitable for aquatic plant life.

The consistent temperatures and low

pressure allow for marine life as small as

plankton all the way to large fish, to thrive.

Oceanic Zone It is the region of open sea beyond the edge

of the continental shelf where the water

measures 200 meters deep, or deeper.

The oceanic zone has a wide array of

undersea terrain, including crevices that are

often deeper than Mount Everest is tall, as well

as deep-sea volcanoes and ocean basins.

While it is often difficult for life to sustain itself in

this type of environment, some species do

thrive in the oceanic zone.

Oceanic ZoneOceanographers divide the oceanic zone into zones

according to how far down sunlight penetrates.

Photic Zone: 0-200m

Epipelagic (Sunlight)

Aphotic Zone: 200-4,000m

Mesopelagic (Twilight) & Bathypelagic

(Midnight)

Abyssal Zone: ≥ 4,000m

Abyssopelagic (The Abyss) & Hadalpelagic (The

Trenches)

The Sunlight Zone

The Twilight Zone

The Midnight Zone

The Abyssal Zone

Ocean

Exploration

Divers

Deep sea divers

were the very first

methods of

exploring the

ocean.

Sonar = SOund Navigation And Ranging

A system that sends sound pings to measure

the distance between objects in water

Sonar

Submersibles

Satellites, sonar, and divers only scratch the surface of the oceans. Submersibles alone enable us to explore the abyssal depths.

Submersible are capable of meeting the many challenges that the deep sea imposes upon explorers.

Main types of submersibles:

Submarines

ROV (remotely operated vehicle)

Underwater Habitat

ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle)

Under Water Habitat

What are some of the

benefits of these new

technologies?

Parts of the Sea Floor

Mariana Trench

The Mariana Trench or Marianas

Trench is the deepest part of

the world's oceans. It is located

in the western Pacific Ocean, to

the east of the Mariana Islands

http://www.youtube.com/watc

h?v=Y2tm40uMhDI

http://www.virginoceanic.com/

Hydrothermal Vent

Areas of the sea floor, where hot water, heated by magma, rushes

out

Ocean Water

Salinity

Is a measure of the amount

of dissolved salt in the ocean

The oceans salinity has

stayed the same for the past

1.5 billion years

Salts (Sodium Chloride)

NaCl is the chemical formula

of salt. It means 1 atom of (Na)

Sodium combined with 1 atom

of (Cl)Chlorine.

Ocean water is a solution.

Sodium Chloride is the main

solute

For every 100 grams of water

there are 3.5 grams of salt

SaltsMass of Salt

Recovered

(grams)

Percentage

of Total Salts

Sodium chloride 2.72 77.71

Magnesium chloride 0.38 10.86

Magnesium sulfate 0.17 4.86

Calcium sulfate 0.13 3.71

Potassium sulfate 0.08 2.29

Calcium carbonate 0.01 0.29

Magnesium bromide 0.01 0.29

Total Salt 3.5 100%

Salt Water Density

Salt water is more dense than fresh

water

Ex. The dead sea Is so dense

people float on it

Salt water has a higher mass and

therefore a higher density.

The Dead Sealocated by Jordan to the east

and Israel and Palestine to the west.

TemperatureWarm water is less dense than cold

water so it stays on the surface

The deeper you go, the colder and

more dense the water is.

Elements in the Ocean

There is oxygen, CO2, and other gases in the ocean…just like our atmosphere!

All 92 naturally occurring elements can be found in the ocean water or floor.

Resources of the

Ocean

Fish and other food sources for eating!

Resources of the Ocean

Oil Deposits have been found along the shores, 30% of the world’s oil is pumped from below the seafloor

Resources of the OceanMinerals are on the ocean floor such

as, iron, cobalt, copper, lead, gold, tin,

diamond, salt, and gravel

Ocean

Movement

Ocean CurrentsAn Ocean Current is a mass of moving

water in the ocean

Surface Currents originate from strong winds

blowing over the ocean that are set in

motion by uneven heating of Earth’s

surface; cover large area.

Northern Hemisphere – Clockwise

Southern Hemisphere – Counter Clockwise

Ex. Gulf Stream

Deep Currents

Dense ocean water is by the poles, because

it is cold.

The cold water travels along the ocean floor

Deep Currents

Upwelling –

When water

moves from

great depths to

the surface

bringing

nutrients

Deep Currents

Downwelling

– When water

moves from

the surface to

great depths

bringing O2

Humans &

Our Oceans

Overfishing When people

catch fish at a

faster rate than

they reproduce

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cb

N161yBBGA

By-Catch

Are the fish

that are

caught by a

net, but are

thrown back to

sea, 30% of fish

go back to

sea, dead or

alive

Ocean Pollution

44% of Ocean pollution comes from

runoff

33% is from air pollution

12% is from shipping and oil spills

10% is from ocean dumping

1% is from offshore drilling

Ocean

Pollution