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Values, Attitudes & Values, Attitudes & Job SatisfactionJob Satisfaction
OB – Session 3OB – Session 3Tehzeeb Sakina Tehzeeb Sakina
AmirAmir
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VALUE SYSTEMVALUE SYSTEMGiven below is a list of values, you are required to rank them on a scale of 1-5 where 1 is the most important and 5 is the lowest important value as appear to you.
PunctualitySelf respectHonestyCleanlinessLoveAssertivenessFreedomHappinessEquality_____________________
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VALUESVALUES
Judgmental elementJudgmental element Content (important or not) and Content (important or not) and
intensity attribute (how important it intensity attribute (how important it is)is)
Hierarchy of values – personal value Hierarchy of values – personal value systemsystem Relative importance assign to valueRelative importance assign to value
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Basic conviction that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially
preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence
VALUE SYSTEMA HIERARCHY BASED ON A RANKING OF AN INDIVIDUAL’S VALUE IN TERMS OF THEIR INTENSITY
VALUE
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VALUES INFLUENCE OUR ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORS
DO VALUES CHANGE???
•“NO”…They are relatively permanent•They are formed in our earlier years of life•Black n white…… what about grey????
DIFFERENCE IN VALUE SYSTEM DETERMINES DIFFERENCES IN ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR
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Types of valuesTypes of values
Milton Rokeach Value SurveyMilton Rokeach Value Survey Terminal values: desirable states of Terminal values: desirable states of
existence; the goals which a person existence; the goals which a person would like to achieve in his life.would like to achieve in his life.
Instrumental values: preferable modes Instrumental values: preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one’s of behavior or means of achieving one’s terminal values. terminal values.
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Rokeach Value SurveyRokeach Value Survey
TerminalTerminal A comfortable lifeA comfortable life An exciting lifeAn exciting life A sense of A sense of
accomplishmentaccomplishment A world at peaceA world at peace A world of beautyA world of beauty EqualityEquality Family securityFamily security FreedomFreedom HappinessHappiness Inner harmonyInner harmony LoveLove
InstrumentalInstrumental AmbitiousAmbitious Broad mindedBroad minded CapableCapable CheerfulCheerful CleanClean CourageousCourageous ForgivingForgiving HelpfulHelpful HonestHonest ImaginativeImaginative IndependentIndependent
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Work CohortsWork Cohorts
CohortCohort Entered inEntered in Approx. Approx. ageage
Values Values
VeteransVeterans 1950s 1950s ’60s’60s
60+60+ Hard working, Hard working, conformity, conformity, loyaltyloyalty
BoomersBoomers 1965 – 1965 – 19851985
40 – 6040 – 60 Success, Success, achievement, achievement, ambition, ambition, dislike of dislike of authority, authority, loyalty to loyalty to careercareer
XersXers 1985 – 1985 – 20002000
25 – 4025 – 40 Work/life Work/life balance, team balance, team oriented, dislike oriented, dislike to rulesto rules
NextersNexters 2000 to 2000 to datedate
Under 25Under 25 Confident, self Confident, self reliant, team reliant, team oriented, loyaltyoriented, loyalty
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HOFSTEDE’S FRAMEWORKHOFSTEDE’S FRAMEWORK He surveyed in 40 countries (IBM employees) He surveyed in 40 countries (IBM employees) Values across cultures (globalization)Values across cultures (globalization)1.1. Power distance – power is unequally distributed Power distance – power is unequally distributed
in institutionsin institutions2.2. Individualism vs Collectivism – individual act Individualism vs Collectivism – individual act
rather than grouprather than group3.3. Quantity of life vs quality of life – assertiveness, Quantity of life vs quality of life – assertiveness,
materialistic or relationships, concern for others.materialistic or relationships, concern for others.4.4. Uncertainty avoidance – structured or Uncertainty avoidance – structured or
unstructured situations.unstructured situations.5.5. Long vs short term orientation – look to future or Long vs short term orientation – look to future or
past/present. past/present.
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HOFSTEDE’S FRAMEWORKHOFSTEDE’S FRAMEWORK
China & West Africa scored high on PDChina & West Africa scored high on PD US scored low on PDUS scored low on PD Asian countries high on collectivism.Asian countries high on collectivism. Germany and Hong Kong high on Germany and Hong Kong high on
quantity of life.quantity of life. France and Russia high on UAFrance and Russia high on UA China had long-term whereas US had China had long-term whereas US had
short-term orientations.short-term orientations.
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GLOBE FRAMEWORKGLOBE FRAMEWORK
Extended Hofstede workExtended Hofstede work Added assertiveness, gender Added assertiveness, gender
differentiation, performance differentiation, performance orientation, humane orientationorientation, humane orientation
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OB IMPLICATIONS Not all OB theories are applicable in all
cultures Consider local culture values The World’s local bank – HSBC Examples: KFC, advertising, MNCs
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ATTITUDEATTITUDE““A favorable or unfavorable A favorable or unfavorable
evaluation of and reaction to an evaluation of and reaction to an object, person, event or idea.”object, person, event or idea.”
Evaluative statementsEvaluative statements Either favorable or unfavorableEither favorable or unfavorable Concerning objects, people or Concerning objects, people or
eventseventsThough attitudes express feelings Though attitudes express feelings
but they are linked to cognitions!but they are linked to cognitions!
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ATTITUDESATTITUDESTHREE COMPONENTSTHREE COMPONENTS
Cognitive component (opinion or belief)Cognitive component (opinion or belief) Affective component (emotional feelings)Affective component (emotional feelings) Behavioral component (intention to behave)Behavioral component (intention to behave)
Example: studying negative attitudes Example: studying negative attitudes towards grouptowards group Negative beliefs (cognitive)Negative beliefs (cognitive) Prejudice, negative feelings (affective)Prejudice, negative feelings (affective) Discrimination, negative actions (behavioral)Discrimination, negative actions (behavioral)
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ATTITUDESATTITUDES UNLIMITED TYPES OF ATTITUDESUNLIMITED TYPES OF ATTITUDES OB is concerned with threeOB is concerned with three
Job Satisfaction (general attitudes)Job Satisfaction (general attitudes) Job involvement (self worth)Job involvement (self worth) Organizational commitment (identifies with organization)Organizational commitment (identifies with organization)
Humans tend to seek consistency among their attitudes and behaviors.
Attitudes are altered Behaviors are altered Some rationalization for inconsistency is sought.
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Cognitive DissonanceCognitive Dissonance
1950s Leon Festinger proposed the theory 1950s Leon Festinger proposed the theory of Cognitive Dissonanceof Cognitive Dissonance
‘‘Any incompatibility between two ro more Any incompatibility between two ro more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes or between behavior and attitude.”attitude.”
Complete dissonance is unavoidable.Complete dissonance is unavoidable. Dissonance influenced by:Dissonance influenced by:
Unimportant elementsUnimportant elements Choice/ Control over elementsChoice/ Control over elements RewardsRewards
The greater the pressure to reduce it
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A-B RelationshipA-B Relationship
A-B relationship – unrelated or A-B relationship – unrelated or slightly related.slightly related.
A …….. Predicts………BA …….. Predicts………B VariablesVariables
Importance of the attitudeImportance of the attitude SpecificitySpecificity AccessibilityAccessibility Social pressuresSocial pressures Direct experience Direct experience
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Self-Perception TheorySelf-Perception Theory
Daryl Bern (1972) – we make judgments Daryl Bern (1972) – we make judgments about ourselves as we make judgments about ourselves as we make judgments about other people.about other people.
Attitudes are used after the fact to make Attitudes are used after the fact to make sense out of an action that has already sense out of an action that has already occurred.occurred.
Contrary to cognitive dissonance.Contrary to cognitive dissonance. People tend to create attitudes after they People tend to create attitudes after they
have behaved in a particular manner.have behaved in a particular manner. When attitudes are vague and ambiguous When attitudes are vague and ambiguous
Self-perception theory works.Self-perception theory works.
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Attitudes at WorkAttitudes at Work
SurveysSurveys Training to reshape employees Training to reshape employees
attitudesattitudes Customer attitudes (internal & Customer attitudes (internal &
external)external)
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JOB SATISFACTIONJOB SATISFACTIONMeasuring Measuring
Single-global ratingSingle-global rating One-question ratingOne-question rating
Summation scoreSummation score Identifies key elements in a job, Identifies key elements in a job,
individual is then asked to rate on a individual is then asked to rate on a scalescale
NO significant differences
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Satisfaction in jobsSatisfaction in jobs
What appears well is not be well!!!!What appears well is not be well!!!! Pay alone does not bring higher Pay alone does not bring higher
satisfaction level.satisfaction level. Higher skills, Control, Greater Higher skills, Control, Greater
responsibilities, Interest etc all have responsibilities, Interest etc all have share in satisfaction.share in satisfaction.
Productivity enhancement, strict Productivity enhancement, strict deadlines, overload of work etc deadlines, overload of work etc contribute to low satisfaction level.contribute to low satisfaction level.
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Job Satisfaction effects…..Job Satisfaction effects…..
JS and ProductivityJS and Productivity Satisfaction: individual productivitySatisfaction: individual productivity Satisfaction: organization productivitySatisfaction: organization productivity
JS and Absenteeism JS and Absenteeism Negative correlationNegative correlation
JS and TurnoverJS and Turnover Negative but stronger correlationNegative but stronger correlation High or poor performersHigh or poor performers
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Dissatisfaction told……Dissatisfaction told……
Active
Destructive
Passive
Constructive
EXIT
NEGLECT
LOYALTY
VOICE
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Job Satisfaction and Organizational Job Satisfaction and Organizational Citizenship BehaviorCitizenship Behavior
Satisfied employees are positive Satisfied employees are positive towards organization, willing to go towards organization, willing to go extra mile.extra mile.
Fair in procedures, policies, rules. No Fair in procedures, policies, rules. No kick backs.kick backs.
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Job Satisfaction ….. Customer Job Satisfaction ….. Customer SatisfactionSatisfaction
Satisfied employees increase Satisfied employees increase customer satisfaction and loyalty.customer satisfaction and loyalty.
They are more friendly, responsive, They are more friendly, responsive, low turnover.low turnover.
Dissatisfied customers can influence Dissatisfied customers can influence employee’s satisfactionemployee’s satisfaction
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Case study Case study Suppose you work in an advertising agency as a Suppose you work in an advertising agency as a
client service manager. You are young, client service manager. You are young, energetic, willing to learn and have a success energetic, willing to learn and have a success story of 2 years working with the agency. You story of 2 years working with the agency. You are handling major clients and enjoy good are handling major clients and enjoy good reputation within and outside the organization. reputation within and outside the organization. One of your clients has even offered you a job. One of your clients has even offered you a job. But you have declined and are really happy and But you have declined and are really happy and satisfied. You report directly to the CEO. One day satisfied. You report directly to the CEO. One day you found out that the agency hired a new you found out that the agency hired a new experienced marketer now you will be reporting experienced marketer now you will be reporting to him. This has caused you a substantial mental to him. This has caused you a substantial mental and emotional set back.and emotional set back.
Questions:Questions: What would be your immediate reaction to this What would be your immediate reaction to this
situation?situation? Keeping the dissatisfaction model in view, what Keeping the dissatisfaction model in view, what
would be your strategy?would be your strategy?
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