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3/23/2014
1
ES 10
Nonrenewable Energy Resources
Oil and Natural Gas continued…
http://www.poodwaddle.com/worldclock.swf
Past to Present (1st 31 slides)
What are fossil fuels
Why use Oil / Natural Gas
DrawbacksWhere does oil come from?
Oil Traps; Source, Reservoir & Cap Rocks
Abiotic Oil?
How much is there and who has the oil? How long will it last?
Where does US get it’s oil?Unconventional sources of oil and gas: Oil Shale, Tar Sands,
Methane Clathrates, aka Gas Hydrates
Abiotic Oil?Some challenge the accepted view of petroleum formation being
exclusively from biological material.
Extraterrestrial occurrences used to support hydrocarbons may
be inorganic:
� Outer planets and moons contain methane.
� Some stony meteorites (chondrites) contain hydrocarbons.
Carbonaceous chondrites (5% of all chondrites) are a type of stony meteorites that contain Silicates, Oxides, Sulfides and traces of various hydocarbons, including amino acids. Most chondrites (86% of all meteorites) are rich in silicate minerals olivine and pyroxenes. (Iron meteorites account for <6% of all meteorites but make up ~90% of the mass of all known meteorites.)
� Since hydrocarbons formed from inorganic reactions in the above 2 examples, some think hydrocarbons on earth may have formed in a similar way.
Abiotic Oil?� Methane is present in volcanoes (1% - 15%). Abiotic oil from the
mantle that migrated upward, or volcanoes erupting through a
cover of sediments already containing some hydrocarbons?
� Some laboratory experiments using a high-pressure and high
temperature apparatus have produced petroleum from solid iron
oxide (FeO), marble (CaCO3) and H2O –with no biotic compounds
or hydrocarbons originally present.
Could petroleum be produced abiotically? Yes, inassociation with extraterrestrial and internal igneousactivity but it’s not commercial grade.
Could petroleum be produced from recycling various waste?
Yes….
• Thermal Conversion Process (TCP)Changing of manure and/or animal & vegetable waste to crude
oil.
• Thermal Depolymerization (TDP)
Can change many carbon-based materials into crude oil and
methane, and is not limited to manure or vegetable waste. Web
Link: “Anything into Oil”, Discover Vol. 27 April 2006
http://discovermagazine.com/2006/apr/anything-oil
• Pyrolysis
Decomposition of organic material at high temperatures without
oxygen. Web link: The Clean Oceans Project
http://thecleanoceansproject.org/index.php
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Carthage Missouri plant opens in Feb 2005.
270 tons turkey guts & 20 tons of pig fat can yield 500 barrels oil
worth ~$42,000/day. Other by-products: fertilizer and water.
Problems: initial high cost, odors and emission violations. US
consumes >22 million bpd175lb human = 38lbs oil, 7lbs gas, 7lbs mineral & 123 lbs water
175
ES 10
Nonrenewable Energy Resources
Past to Present (29 slides)
What are fossil fuels
Why use Oil / Natural Gas
Drawbacks
Where does oil come from? Oil Traps; Source, Reservoir & Cap Rocks
Abiotic Oil?
How much is there, who has the oil & how long will it last?Where does US get it’s oil?
Unconventional sources of oil and gas: Oil Shale, Tar Sands,
Methane Clathrates, aka Gas Hydrates
Where are global petroleum deposits located and
how much oil is there?
Percent World Crude Oil Reserves by Country
Latin America
former USSR
China
Asia
USA
Europe
Africa
OPEC
Countries
OPEC Countries Latin America former USSR China Asia USA Europe Africa
67%
Organization of
Petroleum
Exporting
Countries:Saudi ArabiaIran
Iraq
VenezuelaKuwait
UAE
NigeriaLibya
Angola
EcuadorAlgeria
Qatar
USA 3%
79%
Top producing countries
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Approximate US Energy breakdown(notice 86% is from Fossil Fuels)
North American Energy Resources
CoalCoal
GasGas
OilOil
High potentialHigh potential
areasareas
MEXICO
UNITED STATES
CANADA
Pacific
Ocean
Atlantic
Ocean
Grand
Banks
Gulf of
Alaska
Valdez
ALASKA
Beaufort
Sea
Prudhoe Bay
Arctic
Ocean
Prince
William Sound
Arctic National
Wildlife RefugeTrans Alaskaoil pipeline
How long will current conventional oil reserves last?
• Known and projected global oil reserves expected to be 80% depleted in 42 – 93 yrs. At the rate of consumption in 2008, OPEC’s reserves will last ~85 yrs.
• Known recoverable US reserves is ~21 billion barrels and US consumes ~22 million barrels/day.
US reserves with no oil imported:21 billion barrels/22 million barrels/day = 2.6 years
US imports ~13.5 million barrels of oil/day (~61% of 22 mill).
21 billion barrels/the remaining 8.5 million US barrels use/day = 6.7 years
• Opening the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to drilling would add ~4 – 10 months
• Saudi Arabia alone could supply world for ~10 yrs.• Global oil consumption is expected to increase >30% by 2020.
» Source: G.Griggs, UCSC
Where does the U.S. get its Oil?Canada, Mexico, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela
are the top 4 switching places monthly-yearly
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Peak Oil = the midpoint of depletion, when ½ the total has been
taken.
Other sources of Oil / Unconventional
Oil Shale and Oil Sand (aka “Heavy Oils”)
Oil still in Source RockOil Shale:
Sedimentary rock containing organic kerogen (altered org matter in Sed Rk)
– never buried deep enough to raise
temperature required to convert Kerogen to liquid oil
– Massive deposits underlie US
(estimate 2-5 trillion barrels)
Oil Sand/ aka Tar Sand:
mixture of sand, clay, water and
Bitumen (a viscous, heavy oil, too thick
to flow out of rock, the soluble portion of Kerogen).
– Alberta Canada extensive deposits--
few in US
http://alumni.libraries.psu.edu/images/Fig_1%20EIA%20shale_gas_plays.jpg
Oil Shale Resources of North AmericaIt’s estimated that the Green River Formation in Colorado,
Wyoming and Utah contain >400 billion barrels of oil.
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http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/images/newsgraphics/2013/0204-shale/0204-nat-webshale.jpg
Green areas
are parks, etc
Monterey
Shale areas
Shown in loops
Oil Shale Booming
• Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking) is a drilling
process designed to increase the yield of oil and/or
gas out of rock; the method involves fracturing
surrounding rock (increasing permeability) and
pumping fluids into the fractures under extremely
high pressures to force the desired gas or liquids
out.
• Web Link: Horizontal Wells and Fracking
http://www.northernoil.com/drilling
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VY34PQUiwOQ (6.5min)
Oklahoma Earthquakes: between 1978 and 2008 ~2- 6/yr.
In 2010 there were 1,047 earthquakes
Some Fracking Practices
• Steel casing, cement sleeve – protect aquifers
• Horizontal drilling
• Perforation
• Water + sand + slickening agents + salt
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http://www.propublica.org/special/hydraulic-fracturing-national
Read this slide at home
electrical gunshots perforate
steel casing & cement, then
slickwater pressure + propping
agents fracture the shale
How Fracking Can Impact The Environment
• water consumption
• diesel pumps, compressors, drills, etc.
• methane escape & flaring
• truck traffic, emissions, habitat impacts, pipelines
• aquifer contamination
• wastewater disposal
– underground
– untreated in streams
– burden on sewage treatment plants
• unaesthetic views
Resources for the Future fracking rules / different states
Explore on your own.
• fresh water withdrawals
• underground injection wells for wastewater
• cementing of well
• all other state regulations
23
Making Fracking Greener?
• Run equipment with cleaner natural gas rather than diesel
pumps, compressors, drills
• Replace water trucks & traffic with temporary water pipelines
• “Kitchen counter” frack fluids as safe as what’s under your
kitchen sink
• Recycle fracking fluids – commonly done now
• Use gas as a fracking medium rather than water
– CO2 or propane
- produces 30% more natural gas
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The Athabasca Tar Sands of Alberta, CanadaHow much Oil Shale and Tar Sand (aka oil sand)?
• Global supplies are estimated to be 200X larger than
conventional oil.
• More oil is trapped in Canadian tar sands than Saudi Arabia
has in all it’s reserves.
• It is estimated that tar sand in Alberta & Orinico Oil Belt in
Venezuela contain nearly 3.4 trillion barrels of oil.
At end of 2010, world proven conventional crude oil reserves
stood at >1.4 trillion Barrels
Why not use these resources?
• Oil shale and sand extraction requires surface mining
– ecosystem disruption; forests, wetlands, grasslands
– huge volumes of waste rock-- only ~3 barrels of shale oil for 1 ton of rock processed.
– 3 barrels of H2O/1 barrel of shale oil produced
– tailing ponds created: hold leftover water, sand, clay, bitumen, salts, metals (Ni, V, Hg, As, Pb),
– pollution floats downstream.
– land reclamation issues
– lower useful energy yield than conventional oil and gas
Web Link: http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100831/full/news.2010.439.html
Web Link: Garth Lenz: The True Cost of Oil
– http://www.ted.com/talks/garth_lenz_images_of_beauty_and_devastation.html
17.4 min
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Detroit MichiganPetroleum Coke: 3 stories high, 1 city block
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ES 10
Nonrenewable Energy Resources11/19/13
Oil and Natural GasPast to Present (31 slides)
What are fossil fuels
Why use Oil / Natural Gas
Drawbacks
Where does oil come from? Oil Traps; Source, Reservoir & Cap Rocks
Abiotic Oil?
Who has the oil & how much is there? How long will it last?
Where does US get it’s oil?
Unconventional sources of oil and gas: Oil Shale, Tar Sands,
Methane Clathrates, aka Methane Hydrates, Gas Hydrates
Methane Clathratesaka Methane Hydrates or Gas Hydrates
another source of “unconventional” fossil fuels
Newer Estimates: (2013)
~500 – 2,500
Still approx 2 – 10 X
the amount of conventional
natural gas Stored mostly in broad, shallow layers beneath the seafloor, methane hydrate is, by some
estimates, twice as abundant as all other fossil fuels combined. The yellow squares show
where methane hydrate has already been recovered; the blue dots, where it is thought to exist.
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~1,300 trillion cubic ft off N and S Carolina,
>60X amount US uses each year (~20 trillion cubic ft/yr)
Total US gas Hydrate deposits ~320,222 trillion cubic ft, at 10%
recovery, enough to last 1600 years
Seismic Reflection Profile data on Blake Ridge showing BSR
(meters below sea level on left, meters below ocean floor on right)
P-Wave rates in hydrates can be as fast as 3.0 – 3.6Km/s
Methane Hydrate recovered from Blake Ridge
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Review Questions/Key Concepts
– Where do most conventional oil reserves exist? Who is OPEC? Which member has the most oil? Which countries (top 3) are producing the most oil?
– Daily production of crude oil ~ 84 m bpd. Global conventional oil reserves ~ 1.4 trillion barrels. Who uses the most? Primary use?
– Can petroleum be produced abiotically? If so, how?
– What is Thermal Conversion and Thermal Depolymerization?
– When will global conventional oil supplies be economically depleted?
– What is Hydraulic Fracturing, aka Fracking? Drawbacks? Why do it?
– What are oil shales and tar sands? Who is mining these and where?
– What are the drawbacks of mining tar sands?
– What are Methane or Gas Hydrates and why are scientists interested in them?
– How do scientists locate Methane Hydrates? What does BSR stand for?
– What are some concerns about mining methane hydrates?
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