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# 07 2015 Vol-21 James O’Neal gives us a history lesson on MW antenna design
the EICO 950B Capacitor bridge by John Estock
Next NMRCC meeting: Jul 12th
Meeting Topic: Radios with tuning indicators (magic eyes, shadow tuning, tuning meters
“Bell Laboratories was in the business of designing radio transmitters and studio equipment [and] now, they wanted a good antenna to recommend to purchasers of their equipment. Dr. Stuart Ballantine … pointed out that there was no point in putting up separate towers and stringing antennas between them because the towers could only be a problem due to the currents induced in them from the antenna and it would distort the pattern. Why not use the tower [itself]? Bell then went to the Blaw-Knox company in Pittsburgh and had them design a tower which would have low capacitance. The first one of those towers was put in at Wayne Township, New Jersey for the Columbia Broadcasting System. Strangely enough, I worked on that installation.”
A Most Unusual Transmitter Plant BY JAMES E. O’NEAL FOR RADIO WORLD
An evolution in antenna technology SPRINGFIELD, VA.—Ever since
Marconi began playing with radio at
his family villa, there have been
many variations on a theme when it
came to transmitting antennas. Very
early antenna design was rather sim-
plistic: “Get as much wire up as high
in the air as possible and tune for
maximum spark or current.”
When radio broadcasting arrived in
the early 1920s, virtually all stations
adopted the horizontal long-wire
antenna design favored by ship-and-
shore radiotelegraphy operations.
These radiators took the form of ei-
ther a “flattop” with parallel multiple
wires supported by cross arms, or a
“cage,” with the ends supported by
rings to create a cylindrical configu-
ration. These arrays were suspended
by self-supporting towers and were
commonly located on tall buildings
(collocated with the station’s studi-
os). These antennas were typically
linked to the station transmitter by a
bundle of multiple conductors at-
tached either to the middle (“T”) or
at one end (“L”) of the horizontal
(Continued on page Four)
The EICO 950B Capacitance Bridge Like most bridge circuits, The EICO 950B is accurate and functional. It can measure capacitance from 10pf to 5000uf and resistance from 0.5 ohm to 500 megohm; capacitor leakage can be checked with a 0 - 500 volt variable DC supply. Power factor, which is an indication of a capacitor's ability to hold a charge, can be calculated, as can a transformer's turn ratio. A capacitor's effective series re-sistance (ESR) is directly related to power factor.
(Continued on page Five)
David Fein was an interesting man, a great musician and great story teller
2A3
Prior to the adoption of the insulated-base vertical radiator, multiple-wire horizontal antennas were the de facto means for coupling RF to free space. The current FCC logo design incorporates the venerable flattop and its feeder system.
Two
The NMRCC Meeting Minutes by Chuck Burch
different antennas, the WD-12 tubes and the amount of regen and filament voltage, they got both John’s pup and
Chuck’s 51 work-ing. John Anthes showed a glass-front home-brew very similar in design to a 1922 regen 3-tube Crosley.
The tubes were remanu-factured by his father who would disassembly origi-nal dud tubes and install transistor guts in the tube base but keep the same exterior tube look and same performance as the original tube. John brought another radio which was a 1924 Crosley 3R Trirdyn radio that his father used as a doorstop. It is both a regen and a reflex radio. Don Menning brought his
homebrew “moonshine” regen radio that he built several years ago using copper tubing for the coils. Richard Majestic brought in a neat compact Ameri-can Ace 2–tube Reflex radio. Robert Gibson brought in a one-tube superhet radio he built that use a 6JH8 tube to provide re-flex amplification on the RF, IF
and audio fre-quencies. The voting for Best of Show was very competitive this month with two tie votes between John Anthes and Robert Gibson. Since club policy allows only one Best of Show win-ner, this month’s winner was ulti-mately decided by a coin flip. Robert Gibson’s home-built radio was selected as Best of Show.
NMRCC 2015 MEETINGS
Jul 12th - Radios with tuning indicators (magic eyes, shadow tuning, tuning meters, etc.)
Aug 9th - Unique and novel radio an-tennas and noise eliminators Sep 13th - Wild Card Sunday” (nifty
science gizmos, novel sci-ence toys, or non- radio col-lection, electronics, or sci-ence related that you think will dazzle your fellow mem-bers
Oct 11th – Fall Picnic Audio distor-tion of radio receivers demo
Nov 8th - Old computers, calculators, slide rules, and associated items
Dec 13th - Unusual Devices/Stump the Experts- Unusual tubes, light bulbs, transistors, and radio parts. Also, who can identify that strange gizmo you found, or explain how an unusual ob-ject works?
Proposed Programs *Radio trouble shooting and repair workshop—July or (TBD) *Alignment of AM/FM tuners workshop —Oct fall picnic
NMRCC minutes 6/14/2015 We had a large number of auction items this month. Donation items brought in $78 while auction commissions were $13.25 bringing the auction total income to $91.25.
The meeting started a little late as the auction took longer than usual. Ron Monty discussed the recent loss of long-time club member David Fein. Richard Majestic presented an overview of the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) convention held in Las Vegas in April. John Anthes reported the new web site is seeing a lot of ac-tion. The club checking ac-count currently has $3958.27. NMRCC was planning three talks at the August Hamfest, but with the loss of Dave Fein, we are considering cutting back to two: one by Jim Hanlon on Vintage Ham Equipment and one by Richard Majestic on Software Defined Radio. Vol-unteers are needed to man the NMRCC display at the Ham-fest, so if you can help out, please inform John Anthes. John Anthes asked what we should do at the workshop that we have discussed holding this year. It was discussed that we should hold the workshop during the September meet-ing but the details will need to be decided at the July and August meetings. The monthly theme was Regen/Reflex radios. Richard Majestic gave an excellent introduction on Regeneration and Reflex
radios. Chuck Burch brought in a 1924 Crosley 2-tube Model 51 with one tube be-ing a regen circuit and the second an audio amplifier. A few months ago, John Anthes
brought over his 1-tube Crosley Pup to Chuck’s place to see if it could be made to work. After a bit of experimenting with
NMRCC Officers for 2015
John Anthes: President
John Estock: Vice President
Richard Majestic: Treasurer
Chuck Burch: Secretary
Ron Monty: Membership
Mark Toppo: Director
Ed Brady: Director
Ray Trujillo: Director
John Hannahs
Richard Majestic: Newsletter Editor (President pro-tem)
Don claims these are spring sandals but I saw him tune his Re-gen radio by dancing on these springs.
Three
Obituary for David B Fein Born January 14, 1950 in Elizabeth, NJ, passed away on June 1, 2015. He is sur-vived by his wife Diana Fein, step-son Eli Sorenson and wife Nicole, grandsons Xan-der, Nathan, and Ezekiel, his parents Ray-mond and Marcia Fein, sister Irene O'Con-nor and husband Gregory, sister Betsy Fusek and husband John, four nieces, one nephew, two great nephews and two great nieces in addition to countless friends all who loved him dearly. David graduated from Summit High School in Summit, NJ, and received his Bachelor of Science in Geology from Rutgers University-New Brunswick. He worked as a research labor-atory technician at Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, NJ, The New York State De-partment of Health in Albany, NY and Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquer-que, NM. He loved his work and made significant contributions to various re-search projects throughout his years of employment. David was a ham radio operator (NM5DF) and received his Novice license with the help of Dr. Don Klein, W2GKR. He earned his Elmer when he was 13. He was a member of The Estancia Valley Amateur Radio Association (EVARA). David's oth-er interests included antique radios and
glass insulators. He was a member of the New Mexico Radio Collector Club and The Enchantment Insulator Club.
In addition to his many interests, David was a gifted musician. He played the bass guitar, the Native American flute, various percussive instruments, and the twelve-string guitar. He was a member of the bluegrass bands Shagbark Hickory and Dyer Switch in Upstate New York; Native American Style music group Cumulonim-bus in Albuquerque; and was currently
performing with The Canyon Brothers who play mostly oldies from the 50's-80's era. They volunteer a lot of their time playing at nursing homes bringing immense joy to the residents. David was also a hospice volunteer for five years. Along with his kind, gentle spirit and healing flute play-ing, he brought immeasurable comfort to the patients and their families. His first CD titled "Hearts to the Sun" was dedicated to Hospice patients, families, and workers. He also donated a portion of the proceeds to the University of New Mexico Hospice Program. He was also an animal lover, particularly cats, and gave them the same love and affection he did to his human family. David was a rare soul, a "spiritual leader" without even knowing it. He was kind, gentle, caring, patient and humble. He en-dured many physical struggles that would've shattered most people's spirits, yet he continued to live life to the fullest and wanted more than anything to be of service to anyone who needed their spirits lifted. Services in celebration of David's life will be held at 11:00 am on Saturday, June 6, 2015 at Daniels Family Funeral Ser-vice~Wyoming Chapel, 7601 Wyoming Blvd NE. A reception will follow. In lieu of flowers memorial donations may be given in David's honor to Animal Humane New Mexico, : https://animalhumanenm.org/pets/help/donate/online/gift.php. Donations may also be mailed to 615 Virginia St SE, Albuquer-que, NM 87108. With deep regret, I need to inform you that my close friend and fellow radio club member, David Fein has passed away. Over the years he has had many life threatening medical issues but was unable to conquer this last one. He is finally at peace and without suffering. I will always remember him as a caring gentle soul that had a great outlook on life........ I will keep you informed on final arrangements. Ron Monty
So sorry to hear about David’s death Ron. David was the best; a great story teller and musician how loved the re-search and hunt in collecting old com-munications technology. He will surely be missed. Please give my heartfelt condolences to his family. Richard Majestic
We Will Miss NMRCC Member and Friend David B. Fein
Four
wires. [See Reference 1.]
It seems to have escaped notice
early on that these feeders were
neither balanced lines nor wire-type
coaxial cables, it was really the feed-
er that did most of the radiating; the
horizontal wires above it basically
amounted to top-loading.
According to Ron Rackley of duTreil,
Lundin & Rackley Inc., this wire an-
tenna trend can be traced to AC
power distribution theory that car-
ried over into early radio engineer-
ing.
“Most early radio engineers were
trained in power systems design
rather than in field theory,” said
Rackley. “There was actually a con-
troversy at the time, with many en-
gineers believing that larger anten-
nas wouldn’t radiate as well [as
smaller ones], because if you in-
crease the height, the antenna cur-
rent goes down because the re-
sistance goes up. A man named Stu-
art Ballantine showed mathematical-
ly that taller antennas produced in-
creased horizontal plane radiation.
He was doing calculus and showed
that if you integrated current over a
larger vertical span, you get more
current. He published his paper in
1924 [2] and this started changing
things.”
INSULATED-BASE VERTICAL
RADIATOR
Based on Ballantine’s findings, some
pioneer stations did reexamine an-
tenna effectiveness and began ex-
perimentation. New York’s WABC
(now WCBS) was one of these, and
erected what is believed to be the
world’s first medium-wave insulated-
base vertical radiator in nearby Pat-
terson, N.J.
This radical departure from existing
antennas created something of a
sensation among radio practitioners
and the WABC installation rated a
cover story in the November 1931
issue of Radio-Craft magazine.
As described in the article: “This
‘mast-antenna’ (a new term in radio)
is part of a new 50,000-watt trans-
mitter … and is a new type of broad-
cast aerial construction which breaks
away from tradition, and establishes a
precedent.”
The story noted that in addition to
providing a non-directional pattern (not
possible with horizontal wire antennas)
the new “mast-antenna” also concen-
trated more energy into the ground
wave to provide better local area ser-
vice.
The vertical radiator got high marks
from Jack DeWitt, WSM’s legendary
director of engineering, who had left a
position at Bell Labs to take the WSM
job just as that station was readying
for 50 kW operations. DeWitt was able
to convince management to dump the
flattop that RCA had specified for the
installation. In a 1982 interview, he
recalled:
“Bell Laboratories was in the business
of designing radio transmitters and
studio equipment [and] now, they
wanted a good antenna to recommend
to purchasers of their equipment. Dr.
Stuart Ballantine … pointed out that
there was no point in putting up sepa-
rate towers and stringing antennas
between them because the towers
could only be a problem due to the
currents induced in them from the an-
tenna and it would distort the pattern.
Why not use the tower [itself]? Bell
then went to the Blaw-Knox company
in Pittsburgh and had them design a
tower which would have
low capacitance. The first
one of those towers was
put in at Wayne Town-
ship, New Jersey for the
Columbia Broadcasting
System. Strangely
enough, I worked on that
installation.”
BREAKING FROM
CONVENTION (SORT
OF)
About the same time that
the vertical radiator was
being readied for prime
time, WHK, a pioneer
Cleveland, Ohio station,
was having second
thoughts about the “conventional” flat-
top antenna they’d been using since
commencing commercial operations in
1922. Its studios and transmitter plant
were collocated in a downtown high-
rise building, and as the 1920s drew to
a close the station’s management, and
its chief engineer E.L. Gove, were be-
came increasingly concerned about
coverage problems:
“A careful study of the range of WHK,
Cleveland, Ohio, revealed the fact that
the field pattern was decidedly ragged
in certain areas of the city. From this
and other investigations it was quite
apparent that the station, situated on
the top floor of a Cleveland office
building, surrounded on all sides by
other skyscrapers and broadcasting on
a power limit of 1,000 watts, was by
no means operating at its highest effi-
ciency.”[3]
Gove concluded that the poor coverage
was due to the rooftop transmission
plant employed by the station — spe-
cifically, the presence of other nearby
high-rise steel framework buildings, a
poor ground system and power loss
from re-radiation by the flattop’s sup-
porting towers.
The solution appeared simple: Relocate
the transmitting plant!
“After considering the problem from all
angles it was decided to petition the
Radio Commission for permission to
move the transmitting apparatus into
the country where it would be
possible to put in an effective
ground system, and where
there would be no interfer-
ence from steel girdered
buildings.”[4]
A search of retired Federal
Radio Commission records for
the station did not disclose
the referenced “petition,” but
it was most likely filed in
1929.
WHK acquired property about
nine miles south of Cleveland
for the new facility and pro-
ceeded to construct what was
to become perhaps the most
unusual transmitting plant
WABC’s new 1931 transmit-ting plant included a half-wave vertical antenna, marking a radical departure from conven-tional horizontal wire antennas; however, the vertical radiator was slow to be adopted by the other medium-wave broadcast-ers.
Five
The electrical bridge is an elegant and reliable design whose principal is compar-ing an unknown to a know value with a null indication. The indicator of the 950B is an eye tube, which is as accurate as a meter and doesn't need a positive and negative current like a galvanometer. With fewer than 30 parts, this hobby-grade tester performs admirably. Of course, short-cuts were made, most nota-bly the power supply that delivers 500 volts DC. Ideally, this voltage should be controlled by a power tube like the 6L6 and have a regulator circuit for stabil-ity. As it is, the power supply output is simply run through a linear control, and the eye tube is in series with a known resistance; very basic, but it works. Unfortunately, a shorted or leaky electrolytic will cause a fair amount of current to flow through that control, so many of the 950s will have bad voltage controls, which are wirewound and rated at 4 watts. With care, it can be used for capacitor reforming (if you believe re-forming can be effective). There are only 2 tubes and 4 precision resistors in the 950B, but it works surpris-ingly well. It is basically a DC power supply for leakage test, a null indicator tube and an AC source for the bridge. These EICOs can usually be found for a reasonable price and service information is readily available. ~John Estock
way to break the steel masts into non
-resonant sections, just as was done
with the guy lines at the new WABC
installation.
Austin had been previously granted a
patent for sectionalizing high-tension
power line support towers and was a
logical choice for the WHK mechani-
cal engineering tasking. He was later
granted another patent for the design
of the WHK isolated
section towers. [5]
Fabricating the nec-
essary insulators
posed no real prob-
lems; however, there
were still issues to be
resolved.
One of these was
access to upper tow-
er sections for
maintenance. As it
would have been
unwieldy and dan-
gerous for riggers to
climb over or around
these big hunks of
glazed ceramic, Aus-
tin devised what was
referred to as a “jack
-knife” ladder system, with ladders
pivoting to an open position when not
in use to maintain isolation of tower
sections. He also engineered a means
for breaking the steel winch cables
used to hoist up the flattop into non-
resonant lengths.
AN UNUSUAL LIGHTING SYSTEM
The real engineering challenge was in
lighting the new masts to warn aircraft
pilots of their presence at night.
Radio tower lighting was in
its infancy then, for as
mentioned, most antennas
were installed on high
buildings, which had their
own warning lights.
With the new breed of in-
sulated-base vertical radia-
tors (and the WHK section-
alized masts), a major
problem arose — lighting
power conductors would
shunt RF to ground, or in
the case of WHK, ground
the RF and defeat the pur-
pose of the isolated tower
sections.
WABC made their 665-foot tower visible
at night with powerful ground-mounted
floodlights illuminating the mast, building
and surrounding acreage.
Other schemes were also proposed for
lighting this new breed of medium-wave
antenna. [6]
One involved outlining
the structures with neon
tubing energized by the
tower’s RF. This would
have required all-night
operation though, some-
thing that few stations
did then. Another ap-
proach was the use of a
motor-generator set,
with the generator
mounted on the tower
and separated from the
ground-mounted motor
via an insulated shaft. In
theory, this could have
worked at WHK, but
would have required
multiple generators, as
AC (or DC) lines couldn’t cross tower sec-
tion insulators, and some very, very long
insulated shafts.
A slightly saner approach would have
been the use of chokes designed to pass
low-frequency AC lighting current, while
presenting a high impedance to RF. This
EICO 950B Capacitance Bridge By John Estock
ever built, as the station elected not to
adopt the new vertical radiator tech-
nology, but rather to stick with the
“tried and true” flattop. The idea was
to make it perform better.
THE NEW (AND RADICAL) WHK
ANTENNA
Gove correctly identified the rooftop
antenna supports as major contribu-
tors to the station’s poor coverage and
was determined to do something
about this at the new site: employ flat-
top support masts that did not re-
radiate. Wooden towers of the desired
height — 185 feet — were apparently
ruled out as impractical, and Gove en-
listed the services of Arthur O. Austin,
chief engineer at the Ohio Brass Com-
pany’s insulator division, to develop a
Inside the building (and below the station ground plane), this Western Electric transmitter excited the flattop radiator 185 feet above. PHOTO CREDIT: Cleveland Broadcast Radio Archives
Arthur O. Austin received a patent for the design of the special WHK antenna supports
Six
approach was successfully adopted for
insulated-base vertical radiators, but
would not have been practical at WHK
due to the number of tower sections
that had to be isolated from each oth-
er.
Austin and Gove finally settled on a
lighting system that did not depend on
electrical power at all.
A gas line was brought up to the tower
bases and a tubular porcelain insulator
was used to connect this to a copper
line running along the periphery of
each tower section. The line was bro-
ken again at each the tower section via
non-conductive passageways incorpo-
rated into the tower section insulators.
Gas was flared at various levels of the
towers to identify them to night-flying
aircraft.
One can’t help but wonder what near-
by inhabitants and aircraft crews and
passengers thought about these two
185-foot “burning men.” One can’t
help but wonder, too, what sort of gas
bill this lighting system generated, as
the gas jets would have had to flare
24/7. Relighting them every evening
would not have been practical.
Looking back 80-plus years, another
aspect of the “new” WHK transmitter
plant is also quite interesting. The two-
story transmitter building was con-
structed with its lower eight-and-a-half
feet set below ground level. According
to the surviving document, this was
done so that the top of the transmitter
was at the level of the ground system.
Readers can draw their own conclu-
sions about this bit of engineering.
Austin’s tower patent also describes
the use of a heating system (either gas
or resistance heaters powered by stor-
age batteries) to keep the sectionaliz-
ing insulators dry and minimize losses.
It is not known if this amenity was in-
cluded in the WHK installation.
Quite an unusual transmitting plant!
By the way, while Arthur O. Austin is
not really well known for inventing the
sectionalized radio tower; he is re-
membered for his later invention of the
“ring transformer” for passing AC to
insulated base radiator lighting sys-
tems without shunting RF to ground.
Undoubtedly, his experience with WHK
led him to invent this special trans-
former that bears his name and is still
used today.
Special thanks to Ron Rackley, Lud-
well Sibley, Frank Foti and Mike Ol-
szewski for assistance.
James E. O’Neal is technology editor
for Radio World sister publication TV
Eventually WHK gave up on flattop antenna technology and reworked the 1931 supporting masts into “conventional” vertical radiators. This 1944 photograph shows the “after” version with capacity hats added to the original structures. The station had also gone “directional” and added a third tower. Close examination shows the insulators used to isolate the upper sections have been bypassed and conven-tional lighting installed. The photo also reveals that the bottom-most tower sections are still isolated from the upper portions, with a “feeder box” (or perhaps an ATU) located at the top of the lowest sec-tion. Multiple conductors emerge from this unit and connect to all four mast legs. PHOTO CREDIT: Cleveland Broadcast Radio Archive
An Austin “ring transformer” couples AC lighting power on to this modern AM vertical radiator. Did A.O. Austin invent it due to the difficulty in lighting WHK’s 1931 towers?
Seven
Technology. Find past history articles by
scrolling the Roots of Radio tab under
“Columns” at radioworld.com.
REFERENCES
[1] Chamberlain, A. B., and Lodge, W.
B., “The Broadcast Antenna,” Proceed-
ings of the Institute of Radio Engineers,
Vol. 24, No. 1; Jan. 1936, p. 13.
[2] Ballantine, Stuart, “On the Optimum
Transmitting Wavelength for a Vertical
Antenna Over Perfect Earth,” Proceed-
ings of the Institute of Radio Engineers,
Vol. 12; Dec. 1924, pp. 833-839.
[3] “Station WHK introduces important
refinements into radio transmit-
ting,” (author not named), Radio Engi-
neering magazine, Aug. 1931, p. 21.
[4] Ibid, Radio Engineering, Aug. 1931.
[5] U.S. Patent No. 1,968,868,
“Radiotower,” filed Feb. 16, 1930; grant-
ed Aug. 7, 1934.
[6] Gunsolley, Verne V., “Radio Tower
Tuning and Lighting,” Radio Engineering
magazine, June 1932; pp. 7, 8, 12.
- See more at: http://
www.radioworld.com/TabId/64/
Default.aspx?
Arti-
cleId=274693#sthash.U3CMgyCt.dpuf See more at: http://www.tvtechnology.com/article/a-most-unusual-transmitter-plant-/274700#sthash.rtKWt4AG.dpuf I worked with James O’Neal for over ten years at VOA—WorldNet Televi-
sion and with his permission I recycled his Radio World article. James is one of the best system engineers in radio
and television. He has built in his home a replica 1940 (pre-war) radio studio
hooked up to a 1KW Collins MW AM transmitter. He’s talking about putting
up a Rhombic antenna, I think he wants to put some RF energy into Europe. ~RM
Eight
The New Mexico Radio Collectors Club is a non-profit organization founded in 1994 in order to enhance the enjoyment of collecting and preservation of radios for all its members.
NMRCC meets the second Sunday of the month at The Quelab at 680 Haines Ave NW , Albuquerque NM Tailgate sale at 1:00PM meetings start at 2:00 pm. Visitors Always Welcomed.
NMRCC NEWSLETTER
THIS PUBLICATION IS THE MONTHLY NEWSLETTER OF THE NEW
MEXICO RADIO COLLECTORS CLUB. INPUT FROM ALL MEMBERS ARE SOLICITED AND WELCOME ON 20TH OF THE PRECEDING
MONTH. RICHARD MAJESTIC PRO-TEMP NEWSLETTER EDITOR, SEND ALL SUBMISSIONS IN WORD FORMAT, PICTURES IN *.JPG
FORMAT TO: RMAJESTIC@MSN.COM
N E W M E X I C O R A D I O
C O L L E C T O R S C L U B
New Mexico Radio Collectors Club Richard Majestic (Membership inquiries)
5460 Superstition Drive Las Cruces NM 88011
E-Mail: ronmonty@comcast.net Phone: 505 281-5067
E-Mail: rmajestic@msn.com Phone: 575 521-0018
FOR INFORMATION CHECK THE INTERNET
http://www.newmexicoradiocollectorsclub.com/
USPS Stamp
REQUEST I want to create a club history column for our newsletter, a story about why we collect old radios, old ham
receivers and transmitters, vacuum tubes and old black and white televisions.
Tell Us…
What’s your motivation? What’s the limits we set for a collection? Why a particular brand? Why a particu-
lar year? Are we collectors or technology hoarders? How much time do we spend on this hobby? Do we re-
search and record the history of items we collect? What are our sources of the items we collect? What are
the stories you’ve heard from a seller? How far will travel to get an item? What’s your hot pursuits this
month?
Put your story in words, write it up and I want to print it as a monthly column in our
newsletter. ~RM
Thank you Don Menning our first contributor…
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