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Hittite archer in chariot.
Chapter 3People and Ideas on the Move,2000 B.C.–250 B.C.
Migrations by Indo-Europeans led to major changes in ___________________ and ___________________ as well as to the foundations of three religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, and Judaism.
Indo-Europeans Migrate
Indo-Europeans
Characteristics of Indo-Europeans• ___________________________________ — nomadic, pastoral people;
they tamed horses and rode chariots• Came from the __________________________ — dry grasslands north
of the Caucasus mountains
The Indo-European Language Family• Their language ancestral to many ___________________________
languages of Europe and Asia• ___________________, ____________________, _________________,
and ____________________ trace origins to original the Indo-Europeans• Language groups settled in different areas
An Unexplained Migration• 1700–1200 B.C. Indo-Europeans __________________, moved in all
directions
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The Hittite EmpireSECTION
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The Hittite Arrival• _________________________ — a group of Indo-European speakers• Take control of _______________________ (Asia Minor) around
2000 B.C.• City-states join to form an empire; dominate Southwest Asia for _______
years
Hittites Adopt and Adapt• Borrowed ideas from ___________________________________ culture;
adopted ________________________ language
Chariots and Iron Technology• Hittites skilled in _______________; they spread iron technology by
trade and _______________________• Empire falls around 1190 B.C. after attacks from
____________________________________
Aryans Transform IndiaSECTION
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The Aryan People• _____________________ — Indo-European people, enter Indus
River Valley around 1500 B.C.• Sacred writing, the ___________________, reveal much of their
culture
A Caste System Develops• Aryans are physically distinct from people of India• Four _____________________, or social classes, develop:
- priests (_______________________)- warriors- peasants or traders- laborers
• People are __________________________________________________• Hundreds of subgroups arise later
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Aryan Kingdoms Arise• Aryans extend settlements to other ________________________________• Small kingdoms arise• _______________ kingdom unites all and spreads across India by 100 B.C.• Epic ___________________________________ reflects the blending of
Aryan and non-Aryan culture
continued Aryans Transform IndiaSECTION
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Hinduism Evolves Over Centuries
Hinduism and Buddhism Develop
Hinduism• Collection of _____________________________ that developed slowly
over time• No one ______________________ with a single set of ideas
Origins and Beliefs• 750–500 B.C. Hindu teachers create _____________________________
— texts of teachings• Each person has ______________—soul united with all others
in Brahman• In __________________________________, people reborn to new lives• A soul’s good and bad deeds, ____________________, determines
course of new life
Continued . . .
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Hinduism Changes and Develops• Over the last ___________ years different forms of gods grow in importance• Today, Hindus choose their own path to _______________________ — a
state of perfect understanding
continued Hinduism Evolves Over Centuries
Hinduism and Society• Hinduism strengthened the ________________________________
New Religions Arise• ____________________, a new religion, arises in 500s B.C.• Jains will not harm __________________________________• They work in trade (________________________); practice religious
_________________________________
The Buddha Seeks Enlightenment
Siddhartha Gautama• Founder of Buddhism; priests prophesized his ______________________
Siddhartha’s Quest• Raised in __________________________, Siddhartha Gautama wants
to learn about world• Seeks _________________________________ (wisdom), how to escape
human suffering• Tries many methods; gains enlightenment by __________________________• Becomes the Buddha, the “________________________________________”
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Origins and Beliefs• Buddha begins to teach followers• Preaches ___________________________________ — basic philosophy
of Buddhism• Fourth Noble Truth is to follow the ____________________________ path
to achieve nirvana• Nirvana:
- a perfect state of ______________________________- a release from _________________________ and _____________- a break from the chain of ___________________________________,
rebirths• _____________________rejects caste system and multiple gods of
Hinduism
continued The Buddha Seeks Enlightenment
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The Religious Community• Some followers devote lives to religion, become _________________ &
__________________• Three bases of Buddhism: __________________, __________________
_________________________, ___________________________
continued The Buddha Seeks Enlightenment
Buddhism and Society• Many followers were at first among the ________________ and lower caste• ________________ and _____________ spread Buddha’s teachings• Teachings written to become _____________________________________
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Buddhism in India• Spreads to other parts of ___________________• Never gains firm hold in ____________________; Hinduism remains
strong• Buddhist pilgrims often visit India
continued The Buddha Seeks Enlightenment
Trade and the Spread of Buddhism• Buddhism spreads by traders to:
- _________________________, ________________________,___________________, ________________________- ________________, ____________________, _____________________
Minoans Trade in the Mediterranean
Seafaring Traders
The Minoan People• The ___________________________, powerful seafaring people, live on
Crete in __________________________________• Dominate trade in eastern _________________________________ from
2000 to 1400 B.C.• Culture influences others, especially _______________________
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Unearthing a Brilliant Civilization• Excavations of _____________________________, capital city of Minoan
civilization, revealed:- Minoans were______________________, ______________________,lovers of nature and beauty- ______________________ had major role, especially in religion- Sacrificed ________________, and sometimes _______________, to
gods• Archaelogists name civilization Minoa after King Minos
- King Minos—legendary king who owned a ______________________
continued Minoans Trade in the MediterraneanSECTION
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Minoan Culture’s Mysterious End• _____________________________ in 1700 B.C. caused damage, but
Minoans rebuild• In 1470 B.C. major earthquakes and ________________________________• Minoans ___________________ recover from disasters• Invaders from ___________________ take Minoan lands
continued Minoans Trade in the MediterraneanSECTION
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Phoenicians Spread Trade and Civilization
The Phoenician People• Phoenicians—powerful ___________________ in wealthy city-
states along Mediterranean• Skilled _________________________, ___________________________;
sailed around continent of Africa
Commercial Outposts Around the Mediterranean• Phoenicians set up colonies in western and central
____________________________• Famous for red-purple dye produced from snails
Phoenicia’s Great Legacy: The Alphabet• Developed system of ______________________ to record trade deals• Later developed into western _________________________
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Ancient Trade Routes
Trade Links Peoples• Land routes link ________________________________ world and Asia• Indian traders sail to Southeast Asia and _______________________• Trade helps spread ___________________, __________________,
______________________
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The Search for a Promised Land
The Origins of Judaism
Ancient Palestine• ___________________________ was region on eastern shores of
Mediterranean• _______________ people settled in __________________, land promised
to them by ___________
From Ur to Egypt• ___________________, first five books of Hebrew Bible, tells early
history of Hebrews• In _____________, God chose _____________________, a shepherd, to be
father of Hebrew people• ________________________ moves family and herds from __________ to
Canaan around 1800 B.C.• Around 1650 B.C. Abraham’s descendants move to ___________________
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The God of Abraham• Hebrews are __________________________, believing in one God
only—Yahweh• Yahweh is all powerful, not a _____________________________• A mutual promise, _________________________, is made between
God and Abraham• Abraham promises to obey God, Yahweh promises _________________
continued The Search for a Promised Land
Moses and the Exodus
Hebrews Migrate to Egypt• At first the Hebrews are ______________________ in Egyptian kingdom;
later they become __________________
“Let My People Go”• ___________________ flee Egypt between 1300 and 1200 B.C.• Bible tells of God’s command that _________________ lead this
“______________________”
A New Covenant• Moses receives the ______________________________ — this becomes
the basis of Hebrew law
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The Land and People of the Bible• Torah tells of Hebrews wandering ___________________ Desert for
_______ years• They arrive in Canaan form and ___________________ tribes; judges
provide leadership
continued Moses and the Exodus
A Hebrew Law• Women and men have _____________________ roles, responsibilities• Law includes ________________ justice which is softened by ___________• ____________________ arise later to interpret the law• They teach people to live ________________ lives
The Kingdom of Isreal
Canaan• Land that Hebrews believe ___________ promised them• Canaan land is _______________; Hebrews expand south and north
Saul and David Establish a Kingdom• Hebrews threatened by ______________________ to the north• Only one tribe remains, __________________; Hebrew religion
called ___________________• From 1020 to 922 B.C. Hebrews (Jews) unite; new kingdom called
__________________• King David establishes ___________________________ as capital
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Solomon Builds the Kingdom• David’s son Solomon becomes King; makes Israel a ________________
empire• He builds a magnificent temple and royal palace in __________________
continued The Kingdom of Israel
The Kingdom Divides• High ____________ and forced ______________ lead Jews in the north
to revolt• By 922 B.C. kingdom divides in two — _________________ in the north,
__________________ in south• _____________ years of conflict follow
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The Babylonian Captivity
A Conquered People• In 738 B.C. Israel and Judah pay ______________________ (money for
peace) to Assyria• By 722 B.C. Assyrians conquer __________________• In 586 B.C. Babylonians conquer ___________________, and destroy
_____________________ Temple• Many surviving Jews exiled to ____________________• In 539 B.C. __________________ conquer Babylon; ____________ Jews
return to Jerusalem• Temple and walls rebuilt; land was later ruled by ___________________,
___________________, ____________________
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