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Hittite archer in chariot.

Chapter 3People and Ideas on the Move,2000 B.C.–250 B.C.

Migrations by Indo-Europeans led to major changes in ___________________ and ___________________ as well as to the foundations of three religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, and Judaism.

Indo-Europeans Migrate

Indo-Europeans

Characteristics of Indo-Europeans• ___________________________________ — nomadic, pastoral people;

they tamed horses and rode chariots• Came from the __________________________ — dry grasslands north

of the Caucasus mountains

The Indo-European Language Family• Their language ancestral to many ___________________________

languages of Europe and Asia• ___________________, ____________________, _________________,

and ____________________ trace origins to original the Indo-Europeans• Language groups settled in different areas

An Unexplained Migration• 1700–1200 B.C. Indo-Europeans __________________, moved in all

directions

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The Hittite EmpireSECTION

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The Hittite Arrival• _________________________ — a group of Indo-European speakers• Take control of _______________________ (Asia Minor) around

2000 B.C.• City-states join to form an empire; dominate Southwest Asia for _______

years

Hittites Adopt and Adapt• Borrowed ideas from ___________________________________ culture;

adopted ________________________ language

Chariots and Iron Technology• Hittites skilled in _______________; they spread iron technology by

trade and _______________________• Empire falls around 1190 B.C. after attacks from

____________________________________

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The Aryan People• _____________________ — Indo-European people, enter Indus

River Valley around 1500 B.C.• Sacred writing, the ___________________, reveal much of their

culture

A Caste System Develops• Aryans are physically distinct from people of India• Four _____________________, or social classes, develop:

- priests (_______________________)- warriors- peasants or traders- laborers

• People are __________________________________________________• Hundreds of subgroups arise later

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Aryan Kingdoms Arise• Aryans extend settlements to other ________________________________• Small kingdoms arise• _______________ kingdom unites all and spreads across India by 100 B.C.• Epic ___________________________________ reflects the blending of

Aryan and non-Aryan culture

continued Aryans Transform IndiaSECTION

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Hinduism Evolves Over Centuries

Hinduism and Buddhism Develop

Hinduism• Collection of _____________________________ that developed slowly

over time• No one ______________________ with a single set of ideas

Origins and Beliefs• 750–500 B.C. Hindu teachers create _____________________________

— texts of teachings• Each person has ______________—soul united with all others

in Brahman• In __________________________________, people reborn to new lives• A soul’s good and bad deeds, ____________________, determines

course of new life

Continued . . .

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Hinduism Changes and Develops• Over the last ___________ years different forms of gods grow in importance• Today, Hindus choose their own path to _______________________ — a

state of perfect understanding

continued Hinduism Evolves Over Centuries

Hinduism and Society• Hinduism strengthened the ________________________________

New Religions Arise• ____________________, a new religion, arises in 500s B.C.• Jains will not harm __________________________________• They work in trade (________________________); practice religious

_________________________________

The Buddha Seeks Enlightenment

Siddhartha Gautama• Founder of Buddhism; priests prophesized his ______________________

Siddhartha’s Quest• Raised in __________________________, Siddhartha Gautama wants

to learn about world• Seeks _________________________________ (wisdom), how to escape

human suffering• Tries many methods; gains enlightenment by __________________________• Becomes the Buddha, the “________________________________________”

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Origins and Beliefs• Buddha begins to teach followers• Preaches ___________________________________ — basic philosophy

of Buddhism• Fourth Noble Truth is to follow the ____________________________ path

to achieve nirvana• Nirvana:

- a perfect state of ______________________________- a release from _________________________ and _____________- a break from the chain of ___________________________________,

rebirths• _____________________rejects caste system and multiple gods of

Hinduism

continued The Buddha Seeks Enlightenment

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The Religious Community• Some followers devote lives to religion, become _________________ &

__________________• Three bases of Buddhism: __________________, __________________

_________________________, ___________________________

continued The Buddha Seeks Enlightenment

Buddhism and Society• Many followers were at first among the ________________ and lower caste• ________________ and _____________ spread Buddha’s teachings• Teachings written to become _____________________________________

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Buddhism in India• Spreads to other parts of ___________________• Never gains firm hold in ____________________; Hinduism remains

strong• Buddhist pilgrims often visit India

continued The Buddha Seeks Enlightenment

Trade and the Spread of Buddhism• Buddhism spreads by traders to:

- _________________________, ________________________,___________________, ________________________- ________________, ____________________, _____________________

Minoans Trade in the Mediterranean

Seafaring Traders

The Minoan People• The ___________________________, powerful seafaring people, live on

Crete in __________________________________• Dominate trade in eastern _________________________________ from

2000 to 1400 B.C.• Culture influences others, especially _______________________

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Unearthing a Brilliant Civilization• Excavations of _____________________________, capital city of Minoan

civilization, revealed:- Minoans were______________________, ______________________,lovers of nature and beauty- ______________________ had major role, especially in religion- Sacrificed ________________, and sometimes _______________, to

gods• Archaelogists name civilization Minoa after King Minos

- King Minos—legendary king who owned a ______________________

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Minoan Culture’s Mysterious End• _____________________________ in 1700 B.C. caused damage, but

Minoans rebuild• In 1470 B.C. major earthquakes and ________________________________• Minoans ___________________ recover from disasters• Invaders from ___________________ take Minoan lands

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Phoenicians Spread Trade and Civilization

The Phoenician People• Phoenicians—powerful ___________________ in wealthy city-

states along Mediterranean• Skilled _________________________, ___________________________;

sailed around continent of Africa

Commercial Outposts Around the Mediterranean• Phoenicians set up colonies in western and central

____________________________• Famous for red-purple dye produced from snails

Phoenicia’s Great Legacy: The Alphabet• Developed system of ______________________ to record trade deals• Later developed into western _________________________

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Ancient Trade Routes

Trade Links Peoples• Land routes link ________________________________ world and Asia• Indian traders sail to Southeast Asia and _______________________• Trade helps spread ___________________, __________________,

______________________

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The Search for a Promised Land

The Origins of Judaism

Ancient Palestine• ___________________________ was region on eastern shores of

Mediterranean• _______________ people settled in __________________, land promised

to them by ___________

From Ur to Egypt• ___________________, first five books of Hebrew Bible, tells early

history of Hebrews• In _____________, God chose _____________________, a shepherd, to be

father of Hebrew people• ________________________ moves family and herds from __________ to

Canaan around 1800 B.C.• Around 1650 B.C. Abraham’s descendants move to ___________________

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The God of Abraham• Hebrews are __________________________, believing in one God

only—Yahweh• Yahweh is all powerful, not a _____________________________• A mutual promise, _________________________, is made between

God and Abraham• Abraham promises to obey God, Yahweh promises _________________

continued The Search for a Promised Land

Moses and the Exodus

Hebrews Migrate to Egypt• At first the Hebrews are ______________________ in Egyptian kingdom;

later they become __________________

“Let My People Go”• ___________________ flee Egypt between 1300 and 1200 B.C.• Bible tells of God’s command that _________________ lead this

“______________________”

A New Covenant• Moses receives the ______________________________ — this becomes

the basis of Hebrew law

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The Land and People of the Bible• Torah tells of Hebrews wandering ___________________ Desert for

_______ years• They arrive in Canaan form and ___________________ tribes; judges

provide leadership

continued Moses and the Exodus

A Hebrew Law• Women and men have _____________________ roles, responsibilities• Law includes ________________ justice which is softened by ___________• ____________________ arise later to interpret the law• They teach people to live ________________ lives

The Kingdom of Isreal

Canaan• Land that Hebrews believe ___________ promised them• Canaan land is _______________; Hebrews expand south and north

Saul and David Establish a Kingdom• Hebrews threatened by ______________________ to the north• Only one tribe remains, __________________; Hebrew religion

called ___________________• From 1020 to 922 B.C. Hebrews (Jews) unite; new kingdom called

__________________• King David establishes ___________________________ as capital

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Solomon Builds the Kingdom• David’s son Solomon becomes King; makes Israel a ________________

empire• He builds a magnificent temple and royal palace in __________________

continued The Kingdom of Israel

The Kingdom Divides• High ____________ and forced ______________ lead Jews in the north

to revolt• By 922 B.C. kingdom divides in two — _________________ in the north,

__________________ in south• _____________ years of conflict follow

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The Babylonian Captivity

A Conquered People• In 738 B.C. Israel and Judah pay ______________________ (money for

peace) to Assyria• By 722 B.C. Assyrians conquer __________________• In 586 B.C. Babylonians conquer ___________________, and destroy

_____________________ Temple• Many surviving Jews exiled to ____________________• In 539 B.C. __________________ conquer Babylon; ____________ Jews

return to Jerusalem• Temple and walls rebuilt; land was later ruled by ___________________,

___________________, ____________________

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