New Republic

New Republic

• Introduction• Washington (1789-97)

▫ Getting Established▫ Hamilton▫ Parties Emerge

• Adams (1797-1801)▫ Quasi-War and Responses

Themes• Key issues in Washington’s

Administration▫ Judicial Branch▫ Foreign Policy Issues▫ Political Parties

• John Adams avoids war with France

• Introduction• Washington (1789-97)

▫ Getting Established▫ Hamilton▫ Parties Emerge

• Adams (1797-1801)▫ Quasi-War and Responses

Bellwork•How is the Executive department set up?

The First President• George Wash. Did not seek

office• Electoral College

unanimously chose him• Selected John Adams as

VP

How does the Electoral College Work?

Source

The First President•Wash. established many precedents for

others to follow▫Chief Executive - Appointing a cabinet▫Chief Legislature - Role as law maker▫Commander and Chief - Monopoly on

Violence▫Chief Diplomat - Foreign Policy

Chief Executive - Washington's Cabinet•Cabinet Members

▫Henry Knox (MA) - Secretary of War▫Edmund Randolph (VA) - Attorney General▫Thomas Jefferson (VA) - Secretary of State▫Alexander Hamilton (NY) - Secretary of

Treasury

Chief Legislature – Major Legislation•Judiciary Act 1789•Naturalization Act 1790•Bank Act 1791•Coinage Act 1792•Fugitive Slave Act 1793•Naval Act 1794•Ratification of the Bill of Rights

Chief Legislature – Major LegislationBill of Rights

• First Amendment:▫ Free speech, press,

religion, assembly, petition

• Second Amendment:▫ Right to bear arms

Chief Legislature – Major LegislationBill of Rights• Prohibited unreasonable

searches• Protected the rights of the

accused:▫ Allowed for jury trials▫ No cruel and unusual

punishment• Power was reserved to the

states and the people

Commander and Chief – Whiskey Rebellion (1794)• A tax was placed on

whiskey• Farmers in western Penn.

protested and intimidated tax collectors

• Wash. led a militia of 13,000 to end rebellion.▫ *Precedent: no violent

resistance to U.S. policies*

Chief Diplomat – Foreign Policy - France• The French Rev. began in

1789 and many Am. Rejoiced▫ Specifically Jefferson and

his followers• But, the Rev. turned

violent and war broke out in Europe

• Wash. Declared Am. neutral in European war

Chief Diplomat -Foreign Policy - Spain

• Two Concerns▫ Americans access to port

of New Orleans▫ Boundary dispute in the

south east• Pinckney’s Treaty (1796)

▫ Granted America free access to Mississippi

▫ 31 Parallel = U.S. boundary with Florida.

Farwell Address•Condemned political parties•Warned of entangling alliances•Established precedence of serving only 2

terms

Check Up!•Executive Departments Today

•How has the cabinet changed over time? How is this a reflection of the expanding role of the presidency today?

• Introduction• Washington (1789-97)

▫ Getting Established▫ Hamilton▫ Foreign Policy▫ Parties Emerge

• Adams (1797-1801)▫ Quasi-War and Responses

Bellwork•What is the difference between deficit and

debt? Why is debt a dangerous thing?

Alexander Hamilton (Sec. of Treasury)•Born in West Indies•Served as aid to Wash. during Rev. War

Alexander Hamilton (Sec. of Treasury)•Born in West Indies•Served as aid to Wash. during Rev. War•Hoped to concentrate debt in the national

government▫Success of large investors would be linked

to success of national government.

National Debt•U.S. Debt = $54 million•Goal: off foreign debt and have national

gov. assume state debt•Some states supported the proposal, but

others had already paid their debt (like Virginia)

National Debt Compromise• Compromise

▫ Rep. from the south agreed for the national gov to take on debt

▫ The capital would transfer from Philadelphia to a location on the Potomac River in Virginia.

Bank of the United States• Hamilton supported

creation of a National Bank of the United States▫ Provide a safe place to

deposit the gov.’s money▫ Borrow money for the

gov. by selling bonds▫ Help regulate state banks

• But was it Constitutional?

Bank of the United States• Jefferson’s View

• Strict Interpretation▫ No: Bank of U.S.▫ Constitution did not give

Congress this power▫ This was reserved to the

states

Bank of the United States• Hamilton’s View

• Loose Interpretation▫ Yes: Bank of U.S.▫ Elastic Clause: Congress

had power to ‘make all laws necessary and proper’ to carry out its functions

▫ Wash. Agreed and signed the Bank bill into law, creating the Bank of the U.S.

Dealing with the Debt•Vocabulary

▫Deficit – The amount of money spent each year not collected as revenue

▫Surplus – The amount of money left over after spending for all expenses

▫Debt – Total money owed▫Revenue – Money collected through tariffs,

taxes, and fees

Dealing with the Debt•National Bank assumed state debts and

issued debt holders bonds.•Whiskey Tax (led to Whiskey Rebellion)

Debt as a Percentage of GDP

•U.S. Debt Clock

Solutions Now•Increase Taxes•Cut Spending•Increase Taxes and Cut Spending•Increase the size of the economy (collect

more revenue but keep taxes at same rates)

Check Up!National Debt Crisis Then National Debt Crisis Now

Solution: Solution:

Check Up!•Based on what has worked in the past,

and what is currently happening in the United States today, develop a plan for how the U.S. can abolish its national debt.

•A: To abolish the national debt, the united states needs to…

•R: Because•E: For example

• Introduction• Washington (1789-97)

▫ Getting Established▫ Hamilton▫ Parties Emerge

• Adams (1797-1801)▫ Quasi-War and Responses

Bellwork•Do you find yourself siding with one of the

major political parties in the United States? If so, which one, and why?

Political Parties•Democratic-Republicans

▫Who: Jefferson, Madison▫Where: South and West▫Issues: State Rights, Small Farmers▫Constitution: Strict Interpretation▫Foreign Policy: Pro-French

Political Parties•Federalists

▫Who: John Adams, Alexander Hamilton▫Where: North East, Cities▫Issues: Strong National Government▫Constitution: Loose interpretation,

Constitution should be flexible▫Foreign Policy: Pro-British

Support National Bank of the

United States

Supported by farmers John Adams Promoted State

rights

Wanted Strong national

governmentPro-British Supported by

New England Thomas Jefferson

Alexander Hamilton

Supported by city dwellers

Supported by South and Western

Territories

Loose Interpretation

Used constitutional

phrase “‘make all laws necessary and proper’ to carry out its

functions

Pro-France Strict Interpretation James Madison

Check Up!Washington wrote that the development of political parties would destroy ‘the best fabric of human government and happiness.’

•Do you feel that political parties weaken government, or strengthen it? Be prepared to defend.

• Introduction• Washington (1789-97)

▫ Getting Established▫ Hamilton▫ Foreign Policy▫ Parties Emerge

• Adams (1797-1801)▫ Quasi-War and Responses

John Adams• Defended Br. Soldier after

B. Massacre.• From Mass. And member

of the Continental Congress

• Served as diplomat to France during Am. Rev.

• Wash. VP and a Federalist

Election of 1796• Jefferson ran against

Adams for pres.• Adams won, but Jeff.

became VP▫ Pres. Adams = Federalist▫ VP Jefferson =

Democratic-Republican

Meanwhile…• French Revolution killed

monarchs of France and much of the aristocracy

Meanwhile…• French Revolution killed

monarchs of France and much of the aristocracy

• British opposed the French Revolution

• Fr. And British went to war

Jay’s Treaty•Negotiated by John Jay•Trade settlement between British and

Americans. ▫Br. surrendered forts in western territories ▫Br. agreed to stop arming Native

Americans. ▫Am. agreed to strict anti-French trade

policy•Signed into law by Washington

XYZ Affair• French were angered by

Am. Treaty with England• Adams sent diplomats to

France• French would not meet

with Americans unless the U.S. paid them a bribe of 250,000

• America refused and a wave of anti French sentiment swept the nation

Video

Quasi-War with France•Am. Fought French in Caribbean, yet no

declaration of war•Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans

continued to sympathize with France•Federalists Congress pass laws to

suppress French sympathizers

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)Alien Act, 1798 Sedition Act, 1798

• Source: Enduring Visionp. 213 - 215 • Source: Enduring Vision p. 213 - 215

Bellwork•Is freedom of speech necessary for a

democracy, or should this government be allowed to curtail those rights during times of national crisis?

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)• Aimed at Foreigners:

▫ Pres. could expel any foreigner determined to be a threat to the nation

▫ Foreigners could be deported or jailed by Pres. indefinitely During wartime

▫ Residency for citizenship was increased from 5 to 14 years

• Limited Free Speech▫ Illegal to defame or

criticize Pres. or gov.▫ Aimed at war critics▫ Seemed to violate First

Am

Check Up!•How did the Alien and Seditions Acts

create conflict between the executive authority of John Adams and the constitutional freedoms of opposing political parties?

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)•Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798)

▫States could judge constitutionality of laws passed by Congress

▫States could nullify unconstitutional laws▫The authors of these acts kept their names

secret at the time James Madison T. Jefferson

Check Up!1. Should the gov. be allowed to pass laws such as the Alien

and Sedition Acts during wartime?2. How could the Alien and Sedition Act be used to

suppress political descent?3. Does the Bill of Rights go far enough, or too far, in

protecting civil liberties?4. Should states be allowed to nullify federal laws, as the

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions suggested?

Prompt: How did the Quasi War with France create a constitutional crisis within the United States? - XYZ Affair - Alien and Sedition Acts- Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Reasoning Evidence/O.I. Inference          

Assertion

Conclusion

Review• Many events from

Presidencies of Wash. And Adams were discussed

• Key Concepts: Power of Government▫ Should the gov. be

allowed to pass laws such as the Alien and Sedition Acts during wartime?

▫ Does the Bill of Rights go far enough, or too far, in protecting civil liberties?

▫ Power of Central Gov. vs. States

Sites• Bill or Rights• Whiskey Rebellion

National Historic Site• Alexander Hamilton• Jay’s Treaty• Pinckney’s Treaty• Treaty of Greenville• George Washington• Mount Vernon• John Adams• Adams National Historic P

ark

Source• http://college.cengage.co

m/history/lecturepoints/part01_lecture08/part01_lecture08.html