New Country- First Presidents. I. New Country A. George Washington did not want to be president. He...

New Country- First Presidents

I. New Country

I. New Country

A. George Washington did not want to be president. He was brought the news on April 16, 1789 that he was the unanimous choice for president.

New Country

B. The new capital is in New York City, New York.

C. Washington and Congress had to make a working government from the Constitution. 1. They had to make many decisions

a) How to get moneyb) How to provide defense

US Flag

• Betsy Ross sewed the first flag

II. Judiciary Act of 1789

II. Judiciary Act of 1789

A. Created a judicial structure B. Provided for a Supreme Court, and a Chief

JusticeC. Set up federal circuit courts and 13 federal

district courtsD. Allowed for state court decisions to be

appealed by the federal court when constitutional issues came up- made federal law the “Supreme Law of the Land”

III. Executive

Executive Branch

A. President Washington set up 3 departments1. Department of the State- deal with

foreign affairs2. Department of War- handle military

matters3. Department of the Treasury- to

manage finances

Executive Branch

B. Washington set up leaders to head the departments or cabinets1. Thomas Jefferson – Secretary of State2. Alexander Hamilton- Secretary of the

Treasury3. Henry Knox- Secretary of War4. Edmond Randolph- attorney general

(head lawyer of federal government)

Hamilton vs. JeffersonC. Hamilton and Jefferson had very different

ideas about how the country should go1. These debates split the Congress and

started the two party systema. It was over key issues in American

Historyb. The power and size of the federal

government vs. the states

D. National Bank1. Hamilton proposed a Bank of the United

Statesa. It would issue paper money and handle

taxes2. This sparked a debate on how to interpret

the Constitution

D. Assumption of Debts1. Hamilton proposed that the national

government assume all war debts and pay the interest on these debts and bonds

Washington DC

E. The capital is moved from New York to what will be the District of Columbia- between Maryland and Virginia

1. Construction is completed and the capital is moved by 1800

F. Whiskey Rebellion 1. Hamilton pushed for an excise tax(on a product’s

manufacture, sale, or distribution) on whiskeya) Most producers were small farmersb) In 1784 Pennsylvania farmers refused to pay the tax

and beat up marshals and threatened to succeed from the nation

c) Hamilton and Washington sent in militia and scattered the rebels

d) Hamilton used this as a way to consolidate federal power

e) Whiskey Rebellion Illustrated - @MrBettsClass.mp4

IV. Foreign Affairs

Foreign AffairsA. The French Revolution happened in 1792

1. The French Ambassador- Genet- asked the U.S. to support the revolution “war of all peoples against all kings”

1. The US had to decide whether or not to support the Revolution

2. Genet also passed out letters authorizing Americans to attack British commercial vessels

2. The parties were split3. Washington issued a declaration of neutrality

a) All agreed war was not in the best interests of the US

Foreign Affairs

B. Treaty with Spain1. Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795

a) Spain gave up all claims to land east of the Mississippi except Florida

b) Agreed to open the Mississippi River to US and traders could use the port at New Orleans

C. British remain in the Northwest Territory

Foreign Affairs

D. Native Americans in Ohio claimed Northwest Territory lands1. They were pushed on by British2. Little Turtle won a battle then pushed on

Foreign Affairs- Greenville Treaty

3. Battle of Fallen Timbersa) 1792 “Mad Anthony” Wayne took over

federal troopsb) Little Turtle urged peace and was

replaced as chiefc) Wayne won and built a fort 2 miles from

the British Fort Miamid) Miami tribe agreed to give up lands in

exchange for money

Foreign AffairsE. Jay’s Treaty•With the British- they agreed to

evacuate their posts, pay ship damages for those 300 vessels the British had seized, but could still trap in the US, U.S. could trade with India and the West Indies,

– The British could also seize French goods from American ships for financial compensation

– It did not cover compensation for slaves seized by the British

Foreign Affairs

F. Naturalization Act of 1790- first rules of granting citizenship other than birth- it limited citizenship to free white citizens

V. Election of 1796

Election of 1796A. Federalists- John Adams and Thomas Pinckney B. Democratic-Republicans- Thomas Jefferson

and Aaron BurrC. Adams received 71 votes, Jefferson 68

1. Adams became President and Jefferson Vice-President due to the writing in the Constitution

D. Sectionalism(placing region’s interests over the nation) played a large part in the election

V. Adams Presidency

Adams as PresidentA. XYZ Affair

1. An Undeclared Naval War loomed with France

2. France sent over 3 low-level officials which Adams called X,Y, and Za. They demanded $250,000 and $10 million loanThe XYZ Affair (Careless Whisper parody) - MrBettsClass.mp4

Convention with France

• Canceled the 1778 alliance and the U.S. no longer was supposed to support/defend France

• It avoided war with France

Adams as President

B. Alien and Sedition Acts1. Were due to fear of threat against the

governmenta) Raised residence requirement for

citizenshipb) President can deport or jail any

undesirable alienc) Fines and jail for speaking out against the

government

Adams as President

B. Alien and Sedition Acts2. Kentucky and Virginia drew up

resolutions to nullify the actsa) Claimed that the states had the right

to void anything they deemed unconstitutional

b) Or any law by the federal government that went beyond those expressed in the Constitution

Election of 1800C. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr(his running

mate)received the same amount of votesD. The House of Representatives had to choose-

36 ballots were taken over 6 daysE. Hamilton intervened and Jefferson won by 2

votesF. Pointed out a flaw in the Constitution

1. 12th amendment - Electors cast separate ballots for president and vice-president

VII. Jefferson as President

Jefferson as President

A. Believed in a simple governmentB. Tried to shrink the governmentC. He was the first to take office in the new

capital

Jefferson’s Presidency

D. John Marshall 1. Was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

E. Adams had pushed to make the 16 federal judges1. They were called “midnight Judges” because

many of their appointments were signed late on the last day of his administration

2. Jefferson felt these were not legal

Jefferson’s Presidency

This lead to:•Marbury v Madison –Marbury did not receive his papers

and sued to get them because of the Judiciary Act of 1789

Jefferson’s Presidency

–Chief Marshall said it was unconstitutional»Lead to the principle of judicial

review- ability of the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional

F. Louisiana Purchase

President Jefferson wanted to purchase New Orleans from the French.

He sent over his agent, Monroe, to buy it.

F. Louisiana Purchase

1. When Monroe arrived in Paris to buy New Orleans and western Florida Napoleon decided to sell the entire Louisiana Territory

2. Monroe bought it for $15 million3. It more than doubled the US

G. Lewis and Clark

1. In 1803 Meriwether Lewis was called to lead the expedition “Corps of Discovery” to the Pacific coast

2. They had to collect as much scientific information and plants and animals and learn about native tribes

3. Took 2 years and 4 months

IX. The War of 1812

The War of 1812A. The War Hawks Demand

1. They were a group of young congressmen from the South and Westa) John C Calhoun of South Carolina, and

Henry Clay of Kentucky2. Britain seized 1,000 American ships and

took their cargoes3. France took about 500

The War of 1812A. The War Hawks Demand

4. The US centered anger on Britain5. Impressments- Britain would take Americans at

sea and make them join the British navya) Jefferson tried to stop this by passing an

embargo(ban on exporting goods to other countries)i. It didn’t affect Britain, only US businesses

The War of 1812

B. Tecumseh1. Was a Native American chief2. With his brother he tried to form a

confederacy of Indian nations3. He tried to make deals with the British as

war loomed4. While he was gone his brother, Prophet,

led an attack against William Henry Harrison in November of 1811

The War of 1812

5. The Battle of Tippecanoea) Harrison retaliated by burning the

Shawnee capital to the ground on the banks of the Tippecanoe river

b) It was discovered that the Natives had received arms from British Canadai. The War Hawks called for war against

Britain

C. James Madison1. James Madison’s Presidency

a) He wins the election of 1808b) In 1812 he wants to go to war against

Britain, congress approved in June 1812

The War of 1812

D. The War1. The US was unprepared militarily2. Many Native American groups allied with

the British3. The British took the city of Detroit, but

the US would later get it back

The War of 1812

4. US Navy was young and outnumbereda. US had three 44-gun frigates: President,

United States, and Constitutioni. They were fast and could sail close to

the enemyii. They were very effective

5. The British started a blockade and by the end of 1813 all most all ships were stuck in port

The war of 1812

5. The White House Burnsa) They entered Washington DCb) They burned the Capitol, the White

Housec) Madison and others fledd) Dolley Madison saved precious artifacts

while her husband left including a portrait of George Washington

Star Spangled Banner

• Star Spangled Banner

• Francis Scott Key was aboard the frigate the “Surprise” and watched the attack on Baltimore.

• From his view point he watched Fort McHenry being attacked by the British as dawn broke he anxiously looked to see which flag was flying above the fort.

The War of 18126. The Battle of New Orleans

a) Andrew Jackson was a general from Tennesseeb) He won a series of battles in the south

including the battle of Horseshoe Bend in March 1814

c) He destroyed the military power of Native Americans in the south

d) On January 8, 1815 Jackson defeated the British force at The Battle of New Orleans

Battle of New Orleans

e. The Battle of New Orleans lasted less than two hours. The British lost 385 killed, 1,186 wounded and 64 captured. The Americans lost 13 killed , 115 wounded and 74 captured.

–This was after war was officially over

F. The Treaty of Ghent

1. The Treaty of Ghenta) Signed on Christmas Eve 1814 declared

an armistice or stop to the fightingb) It did not address impressments or

shipping rights

Review

• War of 1812 (Katy Perry Roar Parody) - @MrBettsClass.mp4

I. Industrial Revolution

Growth of Factories A. Factories became the center of industryB. Eli Whitney made the first musket of

interchangeable parts (parts that are exactly alike and can be exchanged in the same models)

C. Better tools sped up the manufacture of goods and improved reliability

D. Factory system – used power-driven machinery and laborers assigned to different tasks

E. Mass production- making goods in large amounts

Industrial Revolution

F. Industrial Revolution- social and economic reorganization as machines replaced hand tools and large-scale factory production developed

1. Started in Britain

Industrial Revolution

2. In US the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812 made US look at the development of domestic industries

3. New England was pushed into industry- they had depended on trade and needed a new way for income

4. First successful textile factory was in Pawtucket Rhode Island by Samuel Slater- produced thread

Industrial Revolutiona. Three Bostonians revolutionized textile industry- by mechanizing all stages in the manufacture of clothb. Lowell, Appleton, and Jackson• Built a weaving factory

5. Towns would become booming cities with thousands of young people migrating in, especially women looking for work

G. Two Different Economies

1. North

a) Cash crops did not grow well in the North

b) People invested in factories and manufacturing

c) Type of land and the cities encouraged small

farms that didn’t require much labor

G. Two Different Economies

d. Farmers began to grow one or two crops to sell at market and buy everything else they neededi. There was little profit in their crops and so slaves were of little use•By 1804 most Northern states had abolished slavery

Two different Economies

2. Southa. The cotton gin(made in 1793 by Eli Whitney)

revolutionized Southern economyi. Gave famers a way for them to grow short-

staple cotton for a profitii. Gave an efficient way to clean the seeds iii. People began to claim land west of the

Appalachians and South Ohio to produce cotton iv. Large farms with huge slave labor forces were

sent to work

Two different EconomiesSouthv. The cotton gin expanded slavery– In 1809 alone as many slaves were brought into

the US as from 1619-1776

3. American System

4. President Madison created a plan to unify the nation

5. He wanted to unify all the different regions and create a strong stable economy that was self sufficient

3. American System

a. There were three partsi. Develop transportation systemsii. Establish a protective tariffiii. Resurrect the national back

American System

b. Backed by Calhoun and Clay

c. Clay called it the American System and said it would unite the nation’s economy

American System

i. North would manufacture goods that South and West would buy

ii. South and West would produce most of the goods needed in the North

iii. National currency and transportation would help with exchange of goods

iv. Would make the nation less dependent on foreign nations

American Systemd. Internal Improvements

i. First steam locomotive in US 1825

• Railroads were fast, able to cross variety of

terrain, and could work in bad weather

ii. . Turnpikes- toll roads were built by states

iii. National Road began in 1811 by federal government

– In 1838 it extended from Maryland to Illinois

American System

iv. Erie Canal or “Big Ditch” took eight years to dig– It linked the Hudson River to Lake Erie- Atlantic

to Great Lakes–Paid off in 12 years by tools–New York become a dominant port in the U.S.v. Steamboats come into use and spread up and

down the Mississippi

American System

vi. Tariffs and the National Bank1. Helped to cover the cost difference between British

goods and US- allowing US manufactures to sell goods at a similar price

2. Would pay for internal improvements

American System

3. Tariff of 1816– Proposed by President Madison– Clay and Calhoun were able to persuade South and West

to pass– 1816 Congress chartered the Second Bank of the US for

20 years

American System

e. Era of Good Feelingsi. In 1817 Virginian James Monroe was elected

President ii. On his goodwill tour of New England he was

welcomediii. This gave a good feeling to US citizens

Supreme Court Boosts National Power• Ogden v. Gibbons

a. New York state gave charters with exclusive rights to Fulton and Livingston to run steamboats on the rivers in the state

1. Ogden was licensed to run his steamship line between New York and New Jersey

• He believed that he had a monopoly on that stretch of the Hudson• Gibbons claimed he could also run according to federal law

*Federal government controlled interstate commerce

Supreme Court Boosts National Power• McCulloch v. Marylanda. Maryland wanted to tax local charter of the

national bank1. Marshall denied right of Maryland to tax2. Declared Bank of the United States Constitutional

b. Gave national government power of the economy- Federalism, implied powers(government can do things needed to run the government), supremacy clause(national government is Supreme)

Supreme Court Boosts National Power

• Limiting State Powers a. Fletcher v. Peck

Can a state pass a law and invalidate a contract? * gave contract clause- state can’t void or annul a contract made by previous legislative acts

Nationalism

Nationalism- belief that national interests are more important than regional

Nationalism• John Quincy Adams established foreign policy a. He made treaties with Brittan for the good of the

nation1. Rush-Bagot Treaty- demilitarize common border of US

and Great Britain2. Convention of 1818 fixed the US border at the 49th

parallel up to the Rocky Mountains3. Jointly occupy Oregon Territory for 10 years

4. Adams-Onis Treatya. Set the border of the western Louisiana Purchase, Spain gave the U.S. Florida

Nationalism• Monroe Doctrine a. After Napoleon’s defeat in Europe all countries

wanted back their interests in the New World

Nationalism

b. Madison warned in 18231. That all outside powers should not interfere with

affairs in the Western Hemisphere2. They should not attempt to create new colonies3. Or overthrow the newly independent republics in this

hemisphere4. If they did these would be seen as dangerous to our

peace and safety5. US would not interfere with existing colonies in the

Western Hemisphere

Nationalism

• US pushes Westa. Settlers pushed into Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michiganb. They went west to escape, social and economic gain1. Land was cheap and there was lots of it2. They escaped the law and debt3. They could easily change occupations(jobs)

Nationalism

c. Missouri Compromise1. In 1819 Missouri wanted to enter as a slave state 2. There were eleven slave states and 11 free states-

Illinois had just became a state

Nationalism

3. New York Congressman James Tallmadge changed Missouri’s statehood bill to make them gradually free slaves.- Southerners blocked the bill in the Senate.

4. Alabama was admitted as a slave state, while they fought over Missouri.

5. Missouri was crucial to the balance of states in the Senate.

Nationalism

6. The fight continues– Northerners accused the South of trying to expand

slavery into the new territories– Southerners accused the North of trying to end slavery– A national crisis ensued

Nationalism

7. Henry Clay came up with a series of agreements called the Missouri Compromise- Maine was admitted as a free state–Missouri was admitted as a slave state

Nationalism• The rest of the Louisiana Territory was split into two

sectionsa. One for slaveholders and one for free settlers

• The dividing line was 36˚ and 30’ north Latitudeb. South of line, except Missouri were slavec. North of the line was freed. This only postponed the problem of slavery in the US

• The controversy was temporarily resolved, but Thomas Jefferson wrote to a friend that “this momentous question, like a fire bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union.”

Jackson Politics• John Quincy Adams won the presidency in 1824-

he was the son of John Adams1. In the election of 1824, Andrew Jackson won the

popular vote but not the electoral college 2. The House of Representatives had to decide who

should win Henry Clay didn’t like Jackson and swung the vote

Russo-American Treaty 1824

• Russia backed off to 54’40. – Allows U.S. and Britain to claim all of Oregon