NERC LMTF Update - WECC - LMTF Update.pdf · • E.g. a survey conducted by LBNL and reported by...

NERC LMTF Update

WECC MVWG

November 2019

Presentation Outline

A. NERC LMTF Workshops and CMLD Field Test

B. Load Composition Data

C. AC Motor Stalling Revisited

D. 3-phase Motor Protection and Control

E. Industrial Load Models

F. Load Model Data Management

G. New Load Model Data Tool

H. Future Developments

I. Studies2

A. NERC LMTF Workshops and CMLD Field Test

NERC LMTF Workshop and Field TestNERC LMTF conducted Regional Workshop to kick-off CMLD field test

- October 29 at PJM, including MRO, MISO and SPP- November 7 at NPCC- November 12 at SERC- November 19 at ERCOT

NERC advocates a phased approach for CMLD adoption

NERC staff will provide data sets to conduct field test

TPs will report at the upcoming NERC LMTF Meetings (January in Florida, April webinar, July in Seattle)

Recommendation 1: WECC MVWG to have its own modeling workshop, include a 6-hour session on dynamic load modeling, WECC TPs and PCs to participated in NERC CMLD field test

250 HP motor driving a

centrifugal compressor in

central cooling system

B. Load Composition Data

Dynamic Load Model – Load Composition

Electronic

115-kV

138-kV

Static

12.5-kV

13.8-kV

Distributed Generation

Percentage of Each End-Use Component

DOE Engagement

• NERC LMTF reached out to experts at DOE to support load composition estimates for NERC footprint, including WECC

• Joe Eto at LBNL led the load composition process

• Dave Chassin at SLAC served as a technical adviser

• Tony Faris at BPA implemented the Load Composition Model and performed most data analytics to support load composition development

Concept of “Load Type”

• Load Type = Climate Zone + Economic Use

• “Climate Zone” to recognize that residential load composition in Phoenix AZ is different from residential load composition in Seattle WA

• “Economic Use” is to recognize that load composition downtown Seattle is different from suburban loads in Seattle, although both are located in same climate zone

Economic UseNon-Industrial Loads:

RES = “Residential Suburban” – many homes, schools and day care, retail, grocery, restaurants, small offices

COM = “Commercial Downtown” – high-rise commercial buildings, hotels, shopping malls, restaurants

MIX = “Mixed” – mixed residential and commercial

RUR = “Rural” – similar to suburban, lower density, more warehouse loads

Industrial Loads

• Industrial – large industrial models exist for a petro-chemical plant (IND_PCH), aluminum smelters (IND_ASM), data centers (IND_SRF), etc …

• Power Plant Station Service (PPA_AUX)

• Agricultural loads

WECC Climate Zones

ID Representative City / Airport

NWC Seattle WA, Vancouver BC

NWV Portland OR

NWI Boise ID, Spokane WA

RMN Calgary AB, Montana, Wyoming

NCC San Francisco CA

NCV Sacramento CA

NCI Fresno CA

SCC LA - beach, San Diego – Mission Bay

SCV LA - valley, San Diego – Escondido

SCI LA - inland

DSW Phoenix, Riverside, Las Vegas

HID Salt Lake City, Albuquerque, Denver, Reno

DOE Climate Zones• West has strong coast – valley –

inland effects that are not captured by DOE climate zones• E.g. San Francisco and Sacramento

have very different climates, but in the same DOE Climate Zone

• San Diego and Riverside• Seattle and Portland

• WECC added coastal, valley and inland zones on top of DOE zones

• EI and ERCOT TPs also needed greater granularity for their Regions to capture summer and winter peak loads

• NERC ended up with ~97 airport codes

Load Composition ProcessStep 1 - We all start with developing building models

Building Model

INPUTS:SeasonTemperatureHumidity*….

SETTINGS (Regional):Gas vs Electric Space and Water HeatGas vs Electric CookingPercent of homes with AC….

OUTPUTLoad Shapes in Terms of End-Uses(Air-Conditioning, Water Heating, Refrigeration, …)

24hNERC LMTF use 90-percentile temperature profile for a specific season using NOAA data for a specified airport

Residential Load Composition Resources

NEAA Residential Building Metering Study

https://neea.org/resources/2011-rbsa-metering-study

Research Highlights From A Large Scale Residential Monitoring Study In A Hot Climate, Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC), FSEC-PF-369-02

http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/publications/html/FSEC-PF-369-02/index.htm

Example of Florida residential load composition

Commercial Load Composition Resource

California Commercial End-Use Survey, Report: CEC-400-2006-005, California Energy Commission, March 2006, https://ww2.energy.ca.gov/2006publications/CEC-400-2006-005/CEC-400-2006-005.PDF

Data sets are available at http://capabilities.itron.com/CeusWeb/ChartsSF/Default2.aspx

Restaurant Office

Load Composition ProcessStep 2 – Mapping end-uses to CMLD model components for each building type

Load Shapes in Terms of End-Uses(Air-Conditioning, Water Heating, Refrigeration, …)

Load Shapes in Terms of CMLD Components(Motor A, Motor B, …, Power Electronic )

Mapping from Electric End-Use

to CMLD Component

(building type specific)

E.g. residential air-conditioning = 80% Motor D + 10% Power Electronics + 10% Motor C

Load Composition ProcessStep 2 – Rules of Association

• WECC developed its original Rules of Association back in 2011. • An increasing number of motors is becoming electronically connected via Variable

Frequency Drives (VFDs) or Electronically Commutated Motors (ECMs)• Most common applications are fans (air-handler, exhaust), pumps in central cooling

systems, and even large centrifugal compressors• E.g. a survey conducted by LBNL and reported by Joe Eto determined that 50% of fans in

commercial buildings are electronically connected today• There is also increase in EV charging loads which also behave as constant power

Recommendation 2: WECC LMTF to update Rules of Association in its current spreadsheet to reflect the latest data from DOE LBNL

Power Electronic Loads• Power Electronic Loads will continue increasing its share• Currently, CMLD has a simplistic representation of all power electronic loads – from

VFDs to cell-phone chargers• It will be necessary to separate Electronic Drives (VFDs and ECMs) from charging /

consumer electronic loads

Recommendation 3: WECC LMTF to engage with EPRI to accelerate testing and development of models for VFDs and ECMs

Load Composition ProcessStep 3 – Create substation load composition

Substation Load Shapes in Terms of CMLD Components

Residential Home

Grocery

Office

X % Residential

X % Grocery

X % Office

Peak hour

How to come up with building percentages

WECC Approach:- Single “commercial” and “residential” buildings are used- RES, COM, MIX, RAG substations are specified as percentages of “residential”,

“commercial”, “industrial” loads

“Commercial” buildings are different – load composition of a downtown high-rise building will be very different from load composition of a local coffee shop or a restaurant

What “percentages” ? Monthly energy ? Peak load ? At which hour ?WECC LCM normalizes fractions to hour 1600, and uses fractions for hour 1600

NERC approach is more nuanced …

How to come up with building percentages

Recommendation 4: WECC LMTF to evaluate load composition data from NERC

NERC Approach:- 12 types of commercial buildings - Use different Rules of Association for each building type- RES, COM, MIX, RAG substations are defined in terms of number of building types

(homes, restaurants, offices, grocery, warehouses, etc) - reviewed by the distribution planning experts

NERC Approach represents the latest best practices in determining Load Type composition

20 HP motor driving a

water pump in central

cooling system

C. AC Motor Stalling Revisited

AC Stall Revisited

Recommendation 5: WECC LMTF to request software developers to implement Vstall-Tstall curve in CMPLDW / CMLD models, perform a field test, report at the next NERC and WECC LMTF meetings

Tstall is a function of voltage sag

The voltage-time function is implemented in GE PSLF 21.07 and Power World 21

Normal Clearing

Delayed Clearing

AC Stall Revisited

Let’s see AC Stall Presentation by Parag Mitra from EPRI

D. 3-phase Motor Protection and Control

End Use Disconnection

• End Use Disconnection is NOT Load Loss

• NERC SAMS prepared a technical paper on the issue

• End-Use Disconnection is known to occur during multi-phase faults as shown by numerous events

• Motor and drive controls can disconnect end-uses due to low voltages during transmission faults

• Single phase motors may stall during a normally cleared transmission fault (due to motor design), and eventually disconnect by thermal protection

• End-Use Disconnection is usually temporary

End-Use Disconnection

• We have ample evidence of end-use disconnection during faults• Multiple cases are documented in NERC Technical Paper on FIDV

• Many of Planners dealt with local events that resulted in customer load disconnecting during a fault – more common among industrial customers

• Florida, August 1988 – 138-kV fault, FIDVR, 825 MW of end uses disconnected

• Southern California, August 1997 – 500-kV fault, about 3,500 MW of end-use disconnected

• Atlanta area, August 1999 – 230-kV fault, about 1,900 MW of end use disconnected, about 1,056 MW of generation tripped (IEEE paper)

• Arizona, July 2003 – 500-kV fault, about 2,685 MW of generation tripped, estimated 1,600 MW of end-uses disconnected

• Southern California, July 2007 – 500-kV fault, local area FIDVR, 620 MW or 44% of end-uses are disconnected in the local area

End-Use Disconnection

• Utilities (SCE, BPA), researchers (ERPI, National Labs) conducted end-use tests for the purpose of system modeling, including protection modeling, as well as literature review

https://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-24468.pdf

https://eta.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/publications/robles-commercial-3-phase-rooftop-airconditioner-report.pdf

https://mentor.ieee.org/3000-stds/dcn/18/stds-18-0003-00-PUBS-3004-8-2016.pdf

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6468048

3-phase Motor and Drive Controls

Credit: IEEE Std C37.96.96-2012

Contactors drop out during voltage sags

Contactors may reclose when the voltage recovers (with- or without intentional time delay), require manual restart, or delayed restart (e.g. short cycle protection)

End-Use Disconnection Modeling

• Test data provides a starting point for protection modeling

• As voltages decline:

• Voltage above 80% = all equipment is connected

• Voltages between 60% and 80% = a few contactors may open in a few cycles, low voltage protection my disconnect a motor if voltage stays below 80% for longer than 2 sec

• Voltages between 45% and 60% = most ac-powered contactors will drop out, time usually varies from 2 to 9 cycles

• Voltages below 30% = most end-uses are disconnected

• As voltage recovers:

• A fraction of contactors will reconnect (at voltages ranging from 65 to 80%), a fraction of contactors will remain disconnected by short cycle protection or process controls

Protection and Control Modeling in CMLD

CMLD provides capabilities to represent end-use disconnection

Motors A, B, C have two sets of definite-time under-voltage trip and reconnection settings to represent operation of motor contactors and controls

Motor D has (a) contactor open-reclose model, (b) control trip represented with two definite under-voltage settings, and (c) thermal protection

Plausible Variations of Protection Settings

Motor A:• Disconnect a fraction of the motor fast (2 cycle) at about 50% voltage, possible

reconnect when voltage recovers to 75-80% range• Disconnect another fraction of the motor slower (6 to 9 cycle) at about 50-60% voltage

Motors B and C:• Keeping them connected

Motor D:• Vary motor disconnection (Fuvr) between 0 and 0.5• Vary voltage and time parameters, Vtr1/Ttr1 and Vtr2/Ttr2: Vtr1 and Vtr2 in 0.45 to

0.5 pu range, Ttr1 and Ttr2 is in 0.03 to 0.2 sec range

Motor Protection Sensitivities

Recommendation 6: WECC LMTF to perform 3-phase motor protection sensitivity studies and report at one of upcoming NERC LMTF meetings

60 HP motors driving fans

in large commercial

building

E. Industrial Load Models

Industrial Load ModelsNERC LMTF Updated industrial load model data:

- Improved motor parameters

- Updated load composition data

- Added several industrial load models (IND_OIL = oil production, IND_LNG = LNG terminals, IND_CAR = car manufacturing)

Recommendation 7: WECC LMTF to update industrial load composition and motor data consistent with NERC

Industrial Load Type Code IA IB IC MD PwrEl Z I

Petro-Chemical Plant IND_PCH 0.1 0.4 0.3 0 0.15 0.02 0.03

Oil Extraction IND_OIL 0.3 0 0.4 0 0.3 0 0

Shale Gas Extraction Plant IND_SHG 0 0.2 0.4 0 0.4 0 0

Liquified Natural Gas IND_LNG 0 0.3 0.2 0 0.5 0 0

Paper Mill, Kraft Process IND_PMK 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.3 0.05 0.05

Paper Mill with Refiners IND_PMT 0.05 0.6 0.15 0 0.15 0.02 0.03

Lumber Mill IND_LMB 0.4 0.2 0.3 0 0 0.05 0.05

Mining IND_MIN 0.25 0.25 0.3 0 0.2 0 0

Aluminum Smelter IND_ASM 0.05 0 0.05 0 0.05 0.85 0

Steel Mill IND_SML 0.15 0.35 0.25 0 0.15 0.05 0.05

Car Manufacturing IND_CAR 0.15 0 0.3 0 0.3 0.1 0.15

Semiconductor IND_SCD 0 0.25 0.3 0 0.4 0 0.05

Server Farm IND_SRF 0 0 0.1 0 0.9 0 0

Industrial - Other IND_OTH 0.1 0.3 0.3 0 0.2 0.05 0.05

Transportation - Rail IND_RAIL 0 0 0.05 0 0.95 0 0

Power Plant Auxiliaries PPA_AUX 0 0.4 0.3 0 0.2 0.05 0.05

Irrigation and pumping AGR_IRR 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

Food processing AGR_PRO 0.6 0 0.25 0 0.05 0.05 0.05

Industrial Load Models

Appendix B provides details on industrial load modeling

Appendix C provides an example of industrial load response to voltage sags

F. Load Model Data Management

Enhanced Load Model Data ManagementAll simulation packages (PTI PSS®E, PowerTech TSAT, Power World, GE PSLF) have the following capabilities:

a) DER status, MWs and MVARs are entered as a part of load data in powerflow

b) “Load Type” data is entered as a part of load data in powerflow, just like you enter Area and Zone data today

c) The programs have capability to link DER and Load Type data with CMLD models

As of November 2019:

• GE PSLF (v.21) and Power World (v.21) already implemented the ultimate state –tested and used in WECC

• PTI PSS®E implemented powerflow capabilities starting version 35

• PowerTech TSAT will have the capabilities implemented in Spring 2020

GE PSLF Example – Powerflow “Load” Records

LOAD DER Load Type

GE PSLF Example – Dynamic Data

_cmpldw -16 "NWV_RES" 0 : #1 mva=-1.000000 / "Pmin" 5.000 "PQmin" 1.4327 "Vmin" 0.9300 "kVthresh" 40.000 / "Bss" 0.00 "Rfdr" 0.040 "Xfdr" 0.040 "Fb" 0.750 /

…."DGtype" 2 "dgdatno" -110 "dgmbase" -0.9

_cmpldw -17 "NWC_COM" 0 : #1 mva=-1.000000 / "Pmin" 5.000 "PQmin" 1.4327 "Vmin" 0.9300 "kVthresh" 40.000 / "Bss" 0.00 "Rfdr" 0.040 "Xfdr" 0.040 "Fb" 0.750 /

…."DGtype" 2 "dgdatno" -110 "dgmbase" -0.9

_cmpldw -18 "NWC_MIX" 0 : #1 mva=-1.000000 / "Pmin" 5.000 "PQmin" 1.4327 "Vmin" 0.9300 "kVthresh" 40.000 / "Bss" 0.00 "Rfdr" 0.040 "Xfdr" 0.040 "Fb" 0.750 /

A single CMLD record is provided for load type

PSLF and PW link CMLD records with load type entries in powerflow

60 CMLD records versus 7,000 bus CMLD records for WECC

Proposed Data ManagementNot much different from the exiting process

WECC Region or Planning Coordinators provide “Load Type” definitions to Transmission Planners in its footprint

Transmission Planners populates “Load Type” (CLZONE in GE PSLF) field in powerflow base case with data that matches “Load Type” definitions, as a part of their base case submittal process under NERC MOD-032

Proposed Data ManagementFor GE PSLF and PW users, WECC generates “Load Type” _CMPLDW records

Reduces number of load model records from 7,000 using Bus CMPLDW to 70 using LoadType _CMPLDW

Requires PSLF 21.07 and PW21

For PSS®E users a couple of options are available:

1. WECC extracts bus and load type information from a base case, and generate bus CMLD records using NERC LMDT

2. PSS®E user can re-name powerflow zones consistent with LoadType, and then generate zone CMLD records using NERC LMDT – approached used by ISO New England

Recommendation 8: WECC LMTF to adopt Load Type _CMPLDW records for GE PSLF and Power World users

G. NERC Load Model Data Tool

Let’s Do NERC LMDT Demo…

H. Future Developments

Future DevelopmentsThe primary focus of NERC LMTF is the field test and deployment of the existing CMLD across NERC footprint

NERC and WECC LMTF need to coordinate future developments

- CMLD and CMPLDW modularization

- Load Type implementation in all software packages

- Development of end-use models

- Single-phase air-conditioner models – phasor model

- Power Electronic Drive (VFD, ECM) models

- Improved protection and control models for motors and drives

- DER models

Variable Frequency Drives

in a large commercial

building

I. CMLD Studies

Observation from Recent CMLD StudiesEnd-use disconnection is not load loss

Simulations show that UVLS may operate for FIDVR events initiated by 3-phase faults

Is it better (a) to disable UVLS and to expose the system to higher risk of cascading for extreme events or(b) to keep UVLS and accept a possibility of UVLS operating for 3-phase faults under summer peak conditions ?

Standard compliance is intended to improve system reliability

Here is an approach to address potential NERC TPL “compliance” issues:

- Run NERC TPL Table I contingencies with UVLS models disabled to demonstrate that UVLS is not required to meet TPL performance

- Run extreme contingencies with UVLS models enabled for risk assessment

Observation from Recent CMLD StudiesSeveral TPs use NERC PRC-024 curves as an indictor of a power plant tripping

TPs will trip a power plant when its POI voltages deviate outside PRC-024 curves (a conservative assumption because PRC-024 defines a “no-trip” envelope, not a “must trip” area)

TPs have regional criteria on acceptable amount of generation loss during P1-P7 contingencies

Current WECC transient voltage recovery and transient voltage dip criteria are very relaxed. Now, since WECC has greater experience with dynamic load modeling, WECC may want to review its transient performance criteria.

Recommendations …

1: WECC MVWG to have its own modeling workshop, include a 6-hour session on dynamic load modeling, WECC TPs and PCs to participated in NERC CMLD field test

2: WECC LMTF to update Rules of Association in its current spreadsheet to reflect the latest data from DOE LBNL

3: WECC LMTF to engage with EPRI to accelerate testing and development of models for VFDs and ECMs

4: WECC LMTF to evaluate load composition data from NERC

… Recommendations

5: WECC LMTF to request software developers to implement Vstall-Tstall curve in CMPLDW / CMLD models, perform a field test, report at the next NERC and WECC LMTF meetings

6: WECC LMTF to perform 3-phase motor protection sensitivity studies and report at one of upcoming NERC LMTF meetings

7: WECC LMTF to update industrial load composition and motor data consistent with NERC

8: WECC LMTF to adopt Load Type _CMPLDW records for GE PSLF and Power World users

9: WECC MVWG to clarify UVLS question

Thank You

Appendix A: NERC Load Model Data Tool

NERC Load Model Data Tool

• NERC Load Model Data Tool (LMDT) uses a spreadsheet for data management

• LMDT has Python and MATLAB scripts to write PSS®E DYR Records

NERC LMDT Spreadsheet

“LMDT” – global settings

“PowerFlow” – powerflow base case information, mapping to Load Type

“LoadComp” – load composition data for Regional Load Types

“Feeder” – distribution equivalent data

“Motors” – motor data

“PwrEl” – power electronic model data

“DER” – DER model parameters (not used for PSS®E, PSLF only)

“LMDT”

F4: Name of PSS®E DYR File

C14: Minimum Load MW to create CMLD record (5 MW is default)

C15: Minimum value for |P/Q| ratio(1.61 ~ 0.85 power factor)

C16: Minimum load voltage in base case solution (0.98 pu)

C17: base kV threshold to add a transformer (40-kV)

F9: Name of PSLF DYD File

“PowerFlow” Bus Records

“BUS” –CMLD records are create by bus level (other PSS®E options include “AREA” and “ZONE”)Bus Number and Name

LOAD TYPE (needs to match a record in “LoadComp” tab)

Feeder Type (needs to match a record in “Feeder” tab)DER Data Record (not used in PSS®E at this time)

Powerflow Data

“PowerFlow” Lod Type Records

“LoadType” – _CMPLDW records are create by load typeBus Number and Name

LOAD TYPE (needs to match a record in “LoadComp” tab)

Feeder Type (needs to match a record in “Feeder” tab)DER Data Record

“LoadComp”

“Load Type” Data

Motor Identifier in “Motors” tab (different data is used for 3-phase commercial and industrial motors)

CMLD Composition Data

“Feeder”

Representative data sets are provided for industrial and non-industrial feedersThe data represents typical distribution system practices

WECC Load Type Statistics

Residential 30,319 17%Commercial 8,344 5%Mixed 101,026 58%Rural 8,060 5%Industrial 19,158 11%Power Plant Aux 4,624 3%None 1,871 1%TOTAL 173,402 100%

2019 Heavy Summer Operating Case

“Motors”

(1) Three-phase commercial motor model data

(2) Three-phase industrial motor model data

(3) Single-phase air-conditioner model data

(1) (2) (3)

MATLAB Script to Write PSS®E DYR Records“NERC_LMDT_Write_DYR_PSSE_r2.m”

MATLAB Script to Write PSLF DYD Records“NERC_LMDT_Write_DYD_PSLF_r2.m”

Run MATLAB script

It will ask you for NERC_LMDT file name

Select your filename(make sure you saved NERC_LMDT file)

NERC LMDT Scripts

NERC LMDT Point of ContactMohamed Osman, NERC Staff, mohamed.osman@nerc.netDmitry Kosterev, BPA, dnkosterev@bpa.gov

MATLAB 2017bTony Faris and Dmitry Kosterev, BPA,“NERC_LMDT_Write_DYR_PSSE_r2.m” for PSS®E – bus, zone, area“NERC_LMDT_Write_DYD_PSLF_r2.m” for PSLF – bus, zone, area, load typeContact Tony Faris ajfaris@bpa.gov

Python Andreas Schmitt, BPA, ajschmitt@bpa.gov

Pavel Etingov, PNNL, pavel.etingov@pnnl.gov

Appendix B: Industrial Load Modeling

Industrial Motor Models and Data

Industrial loads use motor model parameters different from ones used for commercial loads to represent larger motor sizes

Good Technical References for Motor Data

• IEEE publications, data is for large industrial motors:

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=119235

• Renno and Undrill, steel mill modeling:

Industrial Motor Models

IA IB ICDescription 3-phase motor driving

reciprocating compressors and

Large 3-phase motor driving speed sensitive

loads – pumps, centrifugal

compressors, fans

Smaller 3-phasemotor driving pumps

and smaller fans

NEMA Type Type D Type B Type B

Typical Size 10 to 50 HP > 500 HP 25 to 100 HP

Driven Load Toque

Constant Torque Torque proportional to Speed Squared

Torque proportional to Speed Squared

Inertia Small Large Small

Energy

Oil Refinery and Petro-chemical (IND_PCH)

MA (Recip. Compressors and Pumps): 10%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Centr. Comp.): 40%MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Centr. Comp.) 30%MD: 0%Pwr El (drives): 15% Const. Current (lighting): 3%Resistive: 2%

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=387955

Oil Production (IND_OIL)

MA (Beam Pumps): 30%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 0%MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 40%MD: 0%Pwr El (drives): 30% Const. Current (lighting): 0%Resistive: 0%

Shale Gas (IND_SHG)

MA (Recip. Compressors and Pumps): 0%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 20%MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 40%MD: 0%Pwr El (drives): 40% Const. Current (lighting): 0%Resistive: 0%

LNG Plant (IND_LNG)

MA (Recip. Compressors and Pumps): 0%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 30%MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 20%MD: 0%Pwr El (drives): 50% Const. Current (lighting): 0%Resistive: 0%

https://www.ingersollrandproducts.com/content/dam/ir-products/Compressors/products/centrifugal/LNG%20Centrifugal%20Compressors_Letter.pdf

https://www.gepowerconversion.com/sites/default/files/downloads/B_Reliable%20innovation%20for%20the%20LNG%20value%20chain.pdf

https://www.gepowerconversion.com/sites/gepc/files/PCIC-2017-53.pdf

Wood and Paper

Paper Mill – Kraft Process (IND_PMK)

MA (Recip. Compressors and Pumps): 10% – agitators, conveyersMB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 20% MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 30%MD: 0%Pwr El (drives): 30% Const. Current (lighting): 5%Resistive: 5%

Paper Mill – Thermo-Mechanical Process (IND_PMT)

MA (Recip. Compressors and Pumps): 5%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 60% MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 15%MD: 0%Pwr El (drives): 15% Const. Current (lighting): 3%Resistive: 2%

*TMP mills have large refiner motors

Lumber Mill (IND_LMB)

Metals

Mining (IND_MIN)

MA (conveyers) : 25%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 25% MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors) 30%MD: 0%Pwr El (drives): 20% Const. Current (lighting): 0%Resistive: 0%

Aluminum Smelter (IND_ASM)

MA (Recip. Compressors and Pumps): 5%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 0% MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors) 5%MD: 0%Pwr El (drives): 5% Const. Current (lighting): 0%Resistive: 85%

Steel Mill (IND_SML)

Car Manufacturing (IND_CAR)

MA (Recip. Compressors and Pumps): 15%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 0% MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors) 30%MD: 0%Pwr El (drives): 30% Const. Current (lighting): 15%Resistive: 10%

https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/tools/Industry_Insights_Auto_Assembly_2015.pdf

Digital

Semiconductor Fab (IND_SCD)

Large Data Center / Server Farm (IND_SFR)

MA (Recip. Compressors and Pumps): 0%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 0% MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 10%MD: 0%Pwr El (computers): 90% Const. Current (lighting): 0%Resistive: 0%

Industrial – Other (IND_OTH)

Electric Railroad (IND_RAIL)

MA (Recip. Compressors and Pumps): 0%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 0% MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 10%MD: 0%Pwr El (rectifiers): 90% Const. Current (lighting): 0%Resistive: 0%

Power Plant Auxiliaries (PPA_AUX)

MA (Recip. Compressors and Pumps): 0%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 40% MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 30%MD: 0%Pwr El (electronic drives): 20% Const. Current (lighting): 5%Resistive: 5%

Agricultural

Pumping and Irrigation Loads (AGR_IRR, AGR_PMP)

Food Processing Plants (AGR_PRO)

https://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2001/data/papers/SS01_Panel1_Paper22.pdf

Industrial Load Type Code IA IB IC MD PwrEl Z I

Petro-Chemical Plant IND_PCH 0.1 0.4 0.3 0 0.15 0.02 0.03

Oil Pumping IND_OIL 0.3 0 0.4 0 0.3 0 0

Shale Gas Extraction Plant IND_SHG 0 0.2 0.4 0 0.4 0 0

Liquified Natural Gas IND_LNG 0 0.3 0.2 0 0.5 0 0

Paper Mill, Kraft Process IND_PMK 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.3 0.05 0.05

Paper Mill with Refiners IND_PMT 0.05 0.6 0.15 0 0.15 0.02 0.03

Lumber Mill IND_LMB 0.4 0.2 0.3 0 0 0.05 0.05

Mining IND_MIN 0.25 0.25 0.3 0 0.2 0 0

Aluminum Smelter IND_ASM 0.05 0 0.05 0 0.05 0.85 0

Steel Mill IND_SML 0.15 0.35 0.25 0 0.15 0.05 0.05

Car Manufacturing IND_CAR 0.15 0 0.3 0 0.3 0.1 0.15

Semiconductor IND_SCD 0 0.25 0.3 0 0.4 0 0.05

Server Farm IND_SRF 0 0 0.1 0 0.9 0 0

Industrial - Other IND_OTH 0.1 0.3 0.3 0 0.2 0.05 0.05

Transportation - Rail IND_RAIL 0 0 0.05 0 0.95 0 0

Power Plant Auxiliaries PPA_AUX 0 0.4 0.3 0 0.2 0.05 0.05

Irrigation and pumping AGR_IRR 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

Food processing AGR_PRO 0.6 0 0.25 0 0.05 0.05 0.05

Industrial Loads

• Industrial loads vary greatly in composition reflecting the process involved:

• On-site generation

• Internal sub-transmission and distribution

• Synchronous vs induction motors for large loads

• Increasing penetration of electronic drives

• Electric vs gas/liquor boilers for steam production

• Presence of conveyors

• These NERC models are starting points for representing typical industrial plants:

• May be sufficient for BPS studies

• May need specifics of each plant for detailed studies

Appendix C: Industrial Load Response to Faults

Voltage Sag Recordings

20% of load disconnected

Voltage Sag Recordings

33% of load disconnected

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