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August 2019 Page 1
NATURALRESOURCESCONFLICTRESOLUTION
LAW613/ENST513/NRSM513TheUniversityofMontana
Room105,PayneFamilyNativeAmericanCenterBuildingFall2019Monday1:00to3:50
OfficeHoursMonday12-1
ByAppointment_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ShawnJohnsonManagingDirector,CenterforNaturalResources&EnvironmentalPolicy
Co-Chair,NaturalResourcesConflictResolutionProgram406-381-2904
shawn.johnson@umontana.edu_________________________________________________________________________________________________________CourseDescriptionConflictsovernaturalresourcesandtheenvironmentareubiquitous.Thepurposeofthiscourseistoexaminethecauses,dynamics,andconsequencesofnaturalresourceconflicts,aswellastherangeofpossibleapproachestopreventandresolvesuchconflicts.Thecoursewillconsiderthemeritsofconventionalapproachestomanagenaturalresourcesconflictsandemphasizethetheoryandmethodsofcollaboration.Itwillconcludebyconsideringinnovationsinthetheoryandpracticeofnaturalresourcesconflictresolution.Drawingonthehistoryofnaturalresourcepolicyandconflictresolution,thecoursearguesthatconventionalapproachestopreventandresolvenaturalresourceandenvironmentalconflicts–legislative,administrative,andjudicial–oftenleavecitizens,advocates,anddecision-makersdissatisfiedwiththeoutcome.Thisdissatisfactioninturnleadstoarecurrenceofdisputes,whichstrainsrelationships,andincreasestransactioncosts.Duringthepast45years,scholars,policy-makers,andadvocatesrepresentingvariousperspectiveshaveincreasinglyrealizedthatoneofthemosteffectivewaystopreventandresolvenaturalresourceconflictsistocreateopportunitiesfortherightpeopletocometogetherwiththebestavailableinformationtoaddressissuesofcommonconcern.Thecorepropositionofthis“collaborative”approachtopreventingandresolvingconflictsisthatitprovidesmoremeaningfulopportunitiesforcitizenparticipation,fostersmoreinformeddecisions,producesmoredurableandwidelysupportedoutcomes,improvesworkingrelationships,andminimizesthecostsofdisputing.Althoughitemergedlargelyinthecontextofnaturalresourcesandenvironmentalpolicy,thisapproachtocitizenparticipationandpublicdisputeresolutionisapplicabletoawide-rangeofpublicissues.
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Thiscourseisdesignedforgraduatestudentsinlaw,forestry,conservation,environmentalstudies,communication,geography,planning,politicalscience,publicadministration,internationalconservationanddevelopment,andotherdisciplines.Throughreadings,casestudies,exercises,simulations,andguestspeakers,studentsareintroducedtothe“art”and“science”ofcollaborationandconflictresolution,particularlyasitappliestoland-use,naturalresource,andenvironmentalissues.Thecoursecriticallyexaminesestablishedtheoryandmethods,aswellascutting-edgeideas,methods,andpractices.Bytheendofthecourse,studentswillbeableto:
Ø Understandthecauses,dynamics,andconsequencesofnaturalresourceand
environmentalconflicts;Ø Understandtherangeofpossibleapproachestopreventandmanagesuchconflicts;Ø Gatherappropriateinformationandassesstheneedforpublicengagement,
dialogue,andconflictresolution;Ø Designpublicprocessesthatareinclusive,informed,anddeliberative;Ø Adapttheseprinciplestopublicparticipation,community-basedcollaboration,
administrativerulemaking,environmentalimpactassessment,land-useandresourceplanning,andlegislativepolicymaking;
Ø Participateeffectivelyinmulti-partypublicprocesses;Ø Understandtheroleandvalueofprocessmanagers(facilitatorsandmediators);Ø Adapttheprinciplesandstrategiestoscience-intensivepublicissues;intractable
publicdisputes;regional,trans-boundaryissues;anddisputesystemsdesign.Ø Understandtheimplicationsofcurrenttrendsincitizenparticipation,deliberative
democracy,andthegovernanceofnaturalresources.
Whilethereisnoprerequisiteforthiscourse,participantsshouldhaveaworkingknowledgeofnaturalresourcepolicy,includingthepoliticsofformulatingandimplementingsuchpolicy.Agraduatecourseinnaturalresourcepolicyandadministrationisstronglyrecommended.Throughoutthesemester,theprofessorwilltakeadvantageofopportunitiestosharetheongoingworkoftheCenterforNaturalResources&EnvironmentalPolicy.RealizingthatthiscoursefocusesonnaturalresourceconflictresolutionintheUnitedStates--particularlytheAmericanWest--wewillalsoattempttointegratebestpracticesfromaroundtheworldandtoexplorehowtheAmericanexperiencemightbeusefulinotherregionsoftheworld.Readingsforthecourseareavailableontheuniversity’sMoodlesite.Theprofessormayoccasionallyprovidesupplementaryreading.Thisisthefoundationalcourseoftheuniversity’sinterdisciplinaryNaturalResourcesConflictResolutionProgram.Formoreinformationontheprogram,pleasegotohttp://naturalresourcespolicy.org/education/conflict-resolution-program.php.
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COURSEOVERVIEWPart1:TheConventionalApproachSession#1 TheNatureofNaturalResourcesConflict Aug.26
Session#2 PublicParticipation:TheoryandPractice Sept.9 Session#3 ThePlaceofLitigationandtheCourts Sept.16Part2:NewRolesforCitizens,Experts,andDecision-makersSession#4 TheEmergenceofNegotiationandMediation Sept.23
Session#5 Community-basedCollaboration Sept.30
Session#6 ReflectingonCollaboration:CritiquesandIndicatorsofSuccess Oct.7
Part3:TheoryandMethodsofCollaborationSession#7 AnalyzingtheConflictorSituation Oct.14
Session#8 DesigninganEffectiveCollaborativeProcess Oct.21
Session#9 BuildingAgreementonScientificandTechnicalInformation Oct.28
Session#10 DeliberatingandDeciding Nov.4
Session#11 EngagingUnaffiliatedCitizens Nov.18
Session#12 ImplementingAgreementsandAdaptiveManagement Nov.25Part4:InnovationsinTheoryandPracticeSession#13 TowardMoreEffectiveGovernance Dec.2FinalExamSchedule:1:10–3:10PM Dec.11Session#14 StudentPresentations/FinalExam
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COURSEREQUIREMENTSANDEXPECTATIONS1Inadditiontolearningaboutthehistory,theory,andmethodsofresolvingnaturalresourceconflicts,thiscourseemphasizestwoessentialskills–criticalthinkingandcommunication.Thefollowingcourserequirementsandexpectationsaredesignedtohelpallofusdevelopandrefinethesetwoessentialskillsets.AttendandParticipateinClass=28pointsTheessenceofcollaborationis“informedengagement.”Topracticethiscoreskill-set,youwillreceiveamaximumof2pointsforeveryclassyouattendandarefullyengaged,foratotalof28pointsover14weeks.Giventhatclasssessionsrelyondialogueandconversation,eachstudentshouldreadtherequiredreadingpriortoclass,bereadytodiscussthereadings,andfullyengageindiscussionandsimulations.Thegoalistoengagetheentireclass,notjustafewcommittedstudents.Ifclassparticipationanddiscussionispoor,unannouncedpop-quizzesmaybegiven.Ifyoucannotattendclassandlettheprofessorknowinadvance,youmayearn1pointbycompletingallofthereadingassignmentsforthatclassandpreparingacriticalessayonthereadingsinthecontextoftheunfoldingnarrativeoftheclass.Unexcusedabsenceswillearnyouzeropoints.LeadaSeminar=15pointsStudentswillworkingroupsoftwoorthreetoorganizeandleadone80-minuteseminarbasedonselectedsessions.Eachteamwillprovideabrieforalreviewandsummaryofthereadingspayingspecialattentiontothehistoryofideasandinstitutions(10-15minutes),andthenparticipateinapaneldiscussionrespondingto4-6analyticalquestionsrelatedtothereadings.Whileyoushouldfeelfreetoframethediscussioninwhateverwaymakesthemostsensetoyou,makesuretoaddressthefollowingquestionsinyouroralreviewandsummary:(1)Whataretheprimaryissuesandmajorquestionsaddressedinthereading?(2)Whatargument(ifany),theoreticalorapplied,isbeingpresentedandhowisitbeingdefendedbytheauthor?(3)Whattheory,methods,concepts,andevidenceareintroduced?(4)Howisthereadingrelatedtootherreadingsthissemester?(5)Whocares?Sowhat?Whatinsightsandcontributionsdoesthereadingoffer?Theprofessorwillworkwithstudentstohelpthempreparetoleadaseminaraftertheyhavereadthematerialsanddevelopedapreliminaryframeworkforpresentationanddiscussion.Thepresentationanddiscussionwillbegradedusingthefollowingcriteria:
1Allstudentsmustpracticeacademichonesty.Academicmisconductissubjecttoanacademicpenaltybythecourseinstructorand/oradisciplinarysanctionbytheUniversity.
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• Preparing:Wasthestudentwellprepared?Doessheorheseemknowledgeableand
comfortablewiththereadingsbeingdiscussedandreviewed?
• SummarizingandPresentingtheMaterial:Wasthepresentationeffectiveandorganized?Wasthesummaryofthereadingsclearandwellpresented?Didthestudenttie-inandintegrateclassmaterialsanddiscussions(especiallyimportantasthesemesterprogresses),e.g.,coursereadings,discussions,etc.?Didthestudentrecognizetheprimaryissuesaddressedinthereadings?
• FacilitatingClassDiscussion:Didthestudentshelptheclassworkthroughdifficultquestions?Weretheyabletorespondtootherstudent’squestionsandcomments?
CompleteandPresentaProfessionalMemo=40points(Thedraftandthefinalmemoareeachworth20points.)Oneofthemostimportantskillstolearnasagraduatestudent–regardlessofyourcareerpath–ishowtothinkcriticallyandwriteconcisely.Thegoalhereisnottowriteanother30-pageresearchpaper.Moretimesthannot,whenyouentertheworkforceyouwillbeaskedtodojustasmuchresearchasyouwouldfora30-pagepaper,buttothensynthesizetheinformationintoashortmemorandum.Thepurposeofthisassignmentistoprovideyouanopportunitytoexploremorethoroughlyandthoughtfullyaparticularissuerelatedtonaturalresourceconflictandcollaboration.Itisalsoanopportunitytoapplysomeofthetheoryandmethodsreviewedduringclasssessions.Eachstudentwillprepareaprofessionalmemoonatopicrelatedtonaturalresourcespolicyandconflictresolutionthatisofparticularinteresttoherorhim.Thestructureandcontentofthememowillvarydependingonthetopicandaudience,buteachmemoshouldfollowtheguidelinespresentedin“HowtoWriteanEffectiveProfessionalMemo,”whichispostedonthecourse’sMoodlesite.Potentialtopicareasincludebutarenotlimitedtothefollowing:1. Waterpolicy,conflictresolution,andgovernance2. Publiclandslaw,policy,andconflictresolution3. Largelandscapeconservation4. Transboundaryconservation5. Environmentalpeacemaking6. Internationaltrendsandcasestudiesinnaturalresourcepolicy,conflictresolution,
andgovernanceBySession#7(October14),eachstudentshouldsubmitafulldraftofherorhisprofessionalmemofortheprofessor’sreview.Theprofessorwillthenschedule30-minutesessionswitheachstudenttoprovidefeedbackonthesedraftsandansweranyquestionsastudenthas.FinalmemosareduebymidnightonSunday,December8,2019.
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Professionalmemoswillbegradedonthebasisof(1)writingandcommunication--includingclarity,levelofarticulation,andgrammar;(2)researchandanalysis--levelofcriticalanalysis,research,andspecificity;(3)coursematerials--amountofsynthesisandintegrationofcoursereadingsanddiscussions;(4)formalcitation(whateverstyleyouprefer,e.g.,parentheticalreference,footnote,endnote,legal,etc.);and(5)presentation.Eachelementisequallyimportantandwillbegradedaccordingly.FinalExam=17pointsUsingtheshortessaybyLawrenceSusskind“FifteenThingsWeKnowaboutEnvironmentalDisputeResolution,”pleasearticulatethetoptenthingsyouknowaboutnaturalresourcesconflictresolution.UsetheformatoftheSusskindessaybywritingconcise,compellingstatementsthatclearlystatethe“what”and“why.”Pleaseincludeappropriatecitations.Youressayisdueby5:00pmonFriday,December13.GradingScale93-100A90-92 A-88-89 B+83-87 B
80-82 B-78-79 C+73-77 C70-72C-
68-69D+63-67D
StudentConductCodeAllstudentsmustpracticeacademichonesty.Academicmisconductissubjecttoanacademicpenaltybythecourseinstructorand/oradisciplinarysanctionbytheUniversity.AllstudentsneedtobefamiliarwiththeStudentConductCode.ImportantDatesforDroppingaCourse,FallSemester2019:Deadline Description DateThe15thinstructionalday
StudentscandropclassesonCyberBearwitharefundandno“W”onherorhistranscript.
Sept.16=lastday
16thto45thinstructionalday
Droppingaclassrequirescompletingaformwiththeinstructor’sandadvisor’ssignatureaswellasa$10feefromregistrar’soffice.Thestudentwillreceivea‘W’ontranscript;norefundwillbeissued.
Sept.17throughOct.28
Beginningthe46thinstructionalday
Studentsareonlyallowedtodropaclassunderverylimitedandunusualcircumstances.Notdoingwellintheclass,decidingyouareconcernedabouthowtheclassgrademightaffectyourGPA,decidingyoudidnotwanttotaketheclassafterall,andsimilarreasonsare
Oct.29–Dec.6
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Deadline Description Datenotamongthoselimitedandunusualcircumstances.Ifyouwanttodroptheclassforthesesortsofreasons,makesureyoudosobytheendofthe45thinstructionaldayofthesemester.Requeststodropmustbesignedbytheinstructor,advisor,andAssociateDean(inthatorder),soifyoupursuethisrequest,leavesufficienttimetoschedulemeetingswitheachoftheseindividuals(generallythiswilltakeatleast3-5workingdays).A$10feeappliesifapproved.Instructormustindicatewhethertheindividualispassingorfailingtheclassatthetimeoftherequest.
StudentswithDisabilitiesTheUniversityofMontanaassuresequalaccesstoinstructionthroughcollaborationbetweenstudentswithdisabilities,instructors,andDisabilityServicesforStudents.Ifyouhaveadisabilitythatadverselyaffectsyouracademicperformance,andyouhavenotalreadyregisteredwithDisabilityServices,pleasecontactDisabilityServicesinLommassonCenter154or406-243-2243.IwillworkwithyouandDisabilityServicestoprovideanappropriatemodification.
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1.THENATUREOFNATURALRESOURCESCONFLICTThissessionprovidesanintroductionandoverviewtothecourse.Wewillreviewthenatureofnaturalresourcesandenvironmentalconflicts,explorethedynamicsofcompetitiveandcooperativeapproachestopreventingandresolvingsuchconflicts,andreviewtherequirementsandscheduleforthecourse.
Readings
1. StephenDanielsandGreggWalker,WorkingthroughEnvironmentalConflict(2001):26-33.
2. SusanL.CarpenterandW.J.D.Kennedy,ManagingPublicDisputes(1988):11-17.3. MatthewMcKinneyandWillHarmon,TheWesternConfluence(2004):18-30.4. JuliaWondolleck,TheImportanceofProcessinResolvingEnvironmentalDisputes
(1985):341-342.5. Thomas-KilmannConflictManagementAssessment6. GlossaryofTerms:NaturalResourcesandEnvironmentalConflictResolution
QuestionsandDiscussion
1. Whatis“good”naturalresourcespolicy?Ifeveryoneagrees,thenwhyistheresomuchconflict?
2. Whatisconflict,andwhatareyourperceptionsorfeelingsaboutconflict?Whataresomecommonconnotationsaboutconflict?Isconflictgood,bad,orboth?
3. Whatarethecentralelementsofanyconflict?Reviewthetypicalsequenceofanaturalresourceorpublicpolicyconflicttoclarifyhowtheseelementsinteractandinfluenceoneanother.
4. Whatcausesnaturalresourcesandenvironmentalconflicts?Discusswhyitisimportanttounderstandthecauseand/ornatureofnaturalresourceconflictsinordertoeffectivelymanageandresolvethem.Whyisprocesssoimportanttoprevent,managing,andresolvingnaturalresourceconflicts?
5. AssessyourpersonalstyleorapproachtoconflictbycompletingtheThomas-KilmannConflictManagementAssessment.Discussthemeritsofalternativepersonalapproachestoconflictmanagement.UsetheexerciseWinAsMuchAsYouCantoexaminethemeritsofcooperativeandcompetitiveapproachestoconflict.
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2.PUBLICPARTICIPATION:THEORYANDPRACTICEOneofthebestwaystopreventormitigateconflictovernaturalresourcesandenvironmentalissuesistoprovidemeaningfulopportunitiesforcitizensandstakeholderstobeinvolvedfromtheverybeginning.WhilethetheoryandlegalframeworkforpublicparticipationintheUnitedStatesiscompelling,itoftenleavesparticipantsanddecision-makersfrustratedanddissatisfiedwiththeoutcome.
Readings
1. DanielKemmis,CommunityandthePoliticsofPlace(1990):9-16.2. DanielKemmis,ThisSovereignLand:ANewVisionforGoverningtheWest(2001):
124-126.[SeeSession5ForThisReading]3. ThomasC.BeierleAndJerryCayford,DemocracyinPractice:PublicParticipationin
EnvironmentalDecisions(2002):2-4.4. ThomasDietzAndPaulC.Stern,eds.PublicParticipationinEnvironmental
AssessmentandDecisionMaking(2008):36-52.5. CenterforNaturalResources&EnvironmentalPolicy,PublicParticipation:Lessons
LearnedImplementingthe2012USForestServicePlanningRule(2015):20Pages.6. SherryArnstein,ALadderofCitizenParticipation,(1969):216-18.7. DanielYankelovich,TheMagicofDialogue:TransformingConflictintoCooperation
(1999):169-176.8. InternationalAssociationforPublicParticipation,CoreValues,CodeofEthics,
Spectrum,andToolsofPublicParticipation(2010):18Pages.
QuestionsandDiscussion
1. ThebasicquestionJeffersonandMadisonattemptedtoanswerincreatingtheU.S.Constitutionwas...“shouldtheburdenofsolvingpublicproblemsrestmostdirectlyoncitizensorongovernment?”ExplainthephilosophicalargumentsofJeffersonandMadison,andexploretheimplicationstonaturalresourcespolicyandconflictresolution.Whichphilosophicalframeworkdoyoumostagreewithandwhy?
2. Whyshouldcitizensbeinvolvedinnaturalresourcedecisions?Whataretheargumentssupportingcitizenparticipation?Whataretheargumentsagainst?
3. Reviewthelegalframeworkforpublicparticipation.Howwelldoesthislegalframeworksupportoneormoreofthereasonstoinvolvecitizensinnaturalresourcedecisions?
4. Whatarethemostsurprisinglessonsthatemergefromthestudyonpublicparticipationunderthe2012nationalforestplanningrule?UsingtheclassicframeworkprovidedArnstein,whereonthe“ladderofcitizenparticipation”doespublicparticipationonnationalforestplanningseemtofallandwhy?
5. “Whatismissing”inconventionalpublicparticipationprocesses?Andwhatarethepitfallsorproblemsrelatedtopublicparticipationinnaturalresourcedecision-making?Identifywhatcitizenswantinapublicprocess,andwhytheydon’t
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participate.Usingexamples,explainthedifferencebetweenthe“Decide-Announce-Defend”modelofpublicparticipationincontrasttothe“AlwaysConsultBeforeDeciding”modelofpublicparticipation.
6. Howdothevalues,principles,andmethodspromotedbytheInternationalAssociationforPublicParticipation(1)reflecttheidealizedobjectivesofpublicparticipation?and(2)addresssomeoralloftheproblemsassociatedwithpublicparticipation?
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3.THEPLACEOFLITIGATIONANDTHECOURTSWhenconventionalapproachestopublicparticipationfailtosatisfytheinterestsofcitizensandstakeholders,peoplehavetheopportunitytochallengeboththedecision-makingprocessanditsoutcomesthroughadministrativeappealsandlitigation.Whilelitigationandthecourtsareoftentheforumoflastresort,theyplayanimportantroleinframingissues,highlightingpointsofagreementanddisagreement,andprovidingtheincentivetoresolveoutstandingconflictthroughmorecooperativemethods.Readings
1. MatthewMcKinney,WolfManagementintheNorthernRockyMountains:ACaseStudyontheRoleofLitigationinNaturalResourcesPolicy(2015):30Pages.
2. MartinNie,TheUnderappreciatedRoleofRegulatoryEnforcementinNaturalResourceConservation(2008):147-151.
3. JosephL.Sax,DefendingtheEnvironment:AStrategyforCitizenAction(1971):108-124.
4. LawrenceS.BacowandMichaelWheeler,EnvironmentalDisputeResolution(1984):12-18.
5. ChristopherM.KlyzaandDavidJ.Sousa,From“WhoHasStanding?”to“WhoIsLeftStanding?”:TheCourtsandEnvironmentalPolicymakingintheEraofGridlock(2013):SelectedPages.
6. MatthewMcKinney,ShouldNaturalObjectsHaveStanding?FromEnvironmentalEthicstoEnvironmentalLaw(2015):3Pages
QuestionsandDiscussion
1. Toappreciatetheplaceoflitigationandthecourtsinnaturalresourcespolicy,readthewolfmanagementcasestudy.Startbyreviewingthefactsofthecase.a. Whatistheoriginandcauseofthisconflict(thinkintermsvalues,interests,
data,institutionalarrangements,relationships)?b. Howhaslitigationinfluencedwolfmanagementpolicyaswellastheuseof
alternativeconflictresolutionstrategies?WhatisMartinNie’sbasicargumentalongtheselines?
2. AccordingtoSax,aswellasBacowandWheeler,whataretheargumentsforandagainstlitigationandthecourtsasawayofmakingdecisionsandresolvingnaturalresourceconflicts?
3. Whatisthemostappropriateuseoflitigationandthecourts?Whenisitmostappropriate?Leastappropriate?Whydosomegroupspreferlitigationoverotherapproachestoinfluencepolicyandmanagement?Considerthefourcriteriafordetermining“whichapproachisbest.
4. Giventhecostandbenefitsoflitigationtoresolvenaturalresourceconflict,shouldthecoreissueof“standing”bereconsidered?Whoshouldparticipateingoverningormakingdecisionsabouttheuseofnaturalresources?Shouldnaturalobjectshavestanding?
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4.THEEMERGENCEOFNEGOTIATIONANDMEDIATIONNegotiationandmediation(increasinglycapturedbytheall-encompassingterm“collaboration”)emergedinthelate1970sinresponsetothelimitationsoftheconventionalapproachestonaturalresourcesandenvironmentalconflict–publicparticipationandlitigation.Whileincreasinglypopular,collaborationisonlyoneapproachamongmany.Thissessionwillreviewtheincentivestonegotiateorcollaborate;clarifywhatenablesandconstrainssuchprocesses;reviewtheprinciples,processes,andcommonmethodsforcollaboration;andexaminethelegalframeworkforcollaboration.
Readings
1. MatthewMcKinney,BuildingAgreementonWaterPolicy:FromConflicttoCommunity(1997):17Pages.
2. MatthewMcKinneyandWillHarmon,TheWesternConfluence(2004):201-215.3. MatthewMcKinney,CollaborativeApproachestoNaturalResourcePolicy:Key
Elements(2011):2Pages.4. GailBingham,ResolvingEnvironmentalDisputes:ADecadeofExperience(1985):
14Pages.5. SarahBates,TheLegalFrameworkforCooperativeConservation(2006):24Pages.
QuestionsandDiscussion
1. Usingthecasestudyoninstreamflowpolicy,discussthefollowingquestions:a.Whatcompelsindividualsandorganizationstonegotiateorcollaborate?b.Whatconstrainsenvironmentalnegotiation?c.Whatenablesparticipantstobesuccessful?Inotherwords,whatarethekeyelementstosuccess(e.g.,theroleofmediators)?
2. Howdoesthiscasestudyrevealnewrolesforcitizens,experts,anddecision-makersinresolvingnaturalresourceconflictsandshapingnaturalresourcespolicy?Reflectonthedifferencebetweenpublicparticipationandshareddecision-making.Doesthiscaseamounttoofficialdecision-makers(e.g.,legislators,agencies,andsoon)abdicatingtheirdecision-makingauthority?
3. Whatdoesthiscasestudysuggestintermsofaprescriptiveframeworkorphasestoenvironmentalnegotiationandcollaboration?Doesthisframeworksuggestthatmultipartynegotiationisalinearprocess,orisitmoredynamic?
4. WhatlessonsdoestheBinghamarticlesuggestintermsofthehistoryandtrajectoryofnaturalresourcesconflictresolution?Thinkintermsofplace-basedandpolicy-orientedapplications,aswellasadhocvs.moresystematic,institutionalizedapplications.
5. Refertothereadingsonthelegalframeworkforenvironmentalnegotiation,mediation,andcollaboration.How,itatall,doesthisframeworkcatalyze,enable,andconstrainsuchprocessesinpractice?
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5.COMMUNITY-BASEDCOLLABORATIONInthe1980’sand90’s,collaborationslowlygainedtractionasapracticalwaytosolvelocal,place-basedissues.ThroughouttheAmericanWest,thismovementisdefinedbytwokeyelements.First,citizensand/orcommunitiescatalyzed,convened,andcoordinatedtheseefforts–incontrasttowaitingforlocal,state,orfederalgovernmentofficialstoprovidesuchopportunities.Second,theseeffortstendtorevolvearoundwatersheds,ecosystems,andotherplacesdefinedbynaturalboundaries–notartificialpoliticalboundaries.
Readings
1. CharlesF.Wilkinson,LawandtheAmericanWest:TheSearchforanEthicofPlace(1988):404-410.
2. DanielKemmis,ThisSovereignLand:ANewVisionforGoverningtheWest(2001):117-149.
3. MartinNieAndMichaelFiebig,ManagingNationalForestsThroughPlace-BasedLegislation,EcologyLawQuarterly(2010):22SelectedPages.
QuestionsandDiscussion
1. AccordingtoWilkinson,whatisthe“ethicofplace?”Whatarethekeycomponentsofthis“ethicofplace?”WhatisWilkinson’scoreargumentinsupportofsuchatheoryandpractice?
2. ReferringtothenarrativebyKemmis,examinethehistoryandtheoryofthecitizen-driven,place-basedcollaboration.Whatcatalyzedthis“movement?”Whatenabledindividualcasestobesuccessful,ornot,asthecasemaybe?Whichcasesaremostinterestingandcompelling,andwhy?Whatotherexamplesofcommunity-basedcollaborationareyoufamiliarwith?Aretheysuccessfulornot,andwhy?
3. Howisthecitizen-driven,place-basedcollaborationmovementsimilartoand/ordifferentfromthemoreconventionaltheoryandpracticeofenvironmentalconflictresolutionasdiscussedinsession4?
4. Assumingthathomegrown,community-basedcollaborationworks,canagenciescatalyze,convene,andsuccessfullycoordinatesuchinitiatives?Whyorwhynot?(SeeKemmis).
5. Whatistheissueorconcernaboutdelegatingdecision-makingauthoritytocommunity-basedcollaborativegroups?WhatoptionsorstrategiesdoKemmisandotherssuggestinresponsetothischallenge?
6. Whyhavesomecommunity-basedcollaborativegroupstakenituponthemselvestodraftlegislationtoimplementtheirnegotiatedagreements?Whatarethemerits–proandcon–ofthistrend(seeNieandFeibig)?
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6.REFLECTINGONCOLLABORATION:CRITIQUESANDINDICATORSOFSUCCESSThepremiseofcollaborationisthat,ifyoubringtogethertherightpeopleinaconstructiveforumwiththebestavailableinformation,theycanshapesustainablesolutionsthatintegratemost(ifnotall)interests.Thismodulewillcriticallyexaminetheargumentsagainstcollaboration,alongwithalternativeindicatorsofsuccess.
Readings
CritiquesofCollaboration 1. RobertJ.Golton,Mediation:A'Sellout'forConservationAdvocatesorABargain?The
EnvironmentalProfessional(1980):62-66.2. MichaelMcCloskey,“TheSkeptic:CollaborationHasItsLimits,”HighCountryNews
(May13,1996):4pages.3. GeorgeCameronCoggins,“OfCalifornicators,QuislingsandCrazies:SomePerilsof
DevolvedCollaboration,”AcrosstheGreatDivide:ExplorationsofCollaborativeConservationandtheAmericanWest(2001):163-171.
4. KarenCoulter,etal.,CollectiveStatementonCollaborativeGroupTrends(undatedmanuscript):5pages.
5. DouglasS.Kenney,ArguingaboutConsensus:ExaminingtheCaseagainstWesternWatershedInitiativesandOtherCollaborativeGroupsActiveinNaturalResourcesManagement(2000):1-7.
IndicatorsofSuccess1. DouglasS.Kenney,AreCommunity-BasedWatershedGroupsReallyEffective?
ConfrontingtheThornyIssueofMeasuringSuccess,AcrosstheGreatDivide:ExplorationsofCollaborativeConservationandtheAmericanWest(2001):188-193.
2. JudithE.Innes,EvaluatingConsensusBuilding,TheConsensusBuildingHandbook(2004):647-659.
3. MatthewMcKinney,ParticipantSatisfactionScorecard(2004):2pages.QuestionsandDiscussion
1. Reviewtheargumentsagainstcollaboration.Whichoftheseargumentsdoyoufindmostcompellingandwhy?Whichargumentsareleastpersuasiveandwhy?
2. Whatisasuccessfulcollaborativeprocess?Discussthevariousindicatorsforsuccesspresentedintheliterature,andagreeoncriteriaforevaluatingthesuccessorprogressofacollaborativeprocess.Discusswhethertheindicatorsofsuccessyouhaveselectedshouldbeappliedtootherapproachestonaturalresourcesdecision-making(e.g.,publicparticipation,litigation,etc.).Explorethefollowingquestions–whatisgoodnaturalresourcespolicy,andwhatconditions/criteriahelpdefinesuchoutcomes?
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7.ANALYZINGTHECONFLICTORSITUATIONThefirststeptopromotemeaningfulcitizenparticipationand/ortoeffectivelyresolveamulti-partydisputeistocompleteasituationassessment(sometimesreferredtoasaconflictassessmentorconflictanalysis).Thistoolallowsyouto(1)identifypeopleandorganizationsthatarepotentiallyinterestedinand/oraffectedbyagivenissueorsituation;(2)assesstheirinterestsandtheprocessoptionstheyhavetoachievetheirinterests,includingtheir“best”and“worst”alternativestoanegotiatedagreement;(3)determinewhenandwhennottoengageinacollaborativeprocess;(4)encouragestakeholderstoreframepositionstointerests;(5)clarifythe“decisionspace”forsometypeofcollaboration,includingthelegal,institutional,scientific,cultural,economic,andothersideboards;and(6)generatetheinformationneededtodesigntherightpublicprocessforanygivensituation.
Readings
1. LawrenceSusskindandJenniferThomas-Larmer,“ConductingaConflictAssessment,”TheConsensusBuildingHandbook(2004):99-136.
2. SusanCarpenterandW.J.D.Kennedy,ManagingPublicDisputes:APracticalGuidetoHandlingConflictandReachingAgreements(1991):197-223.
3. MatthewMcKinney,AnalyzingtheConflictorSituation(2015):28pages.4. MatthewMcKinney,LandUse,Growth,andtheFutureoftheBitterrootValley
(2012).
QuestionsandDiscussion
1. Whatisasituation(orconflictorstakeholder)assessment?Whydoit?Whatmayhappenifyoudon'tcompletethistypeofassessment?
2. Whatchallengesorobstaclesmayemergeincompletingasituationassessment,andwhatstrategiescanbeemployedavoidand/ormitigatesuchproblems?
3. UsingthecasestudyLandUse,Growth,andtheFutureoftheBitterrootValley,breakintosmallgroups.Assume“civicleaders”fromthevalleyareinterestedinexploringhowtomovethisconversationforwardinlightofthisrecenthistory,andhaveaskedyourteamforsomeadvice.Duringyoursmallgroupdiscussions:
• Identifywhatcategoriesofpeopleshouldbeinterviewedandwhybycreatinga“stakeholdermap.”
• Articulate3-5questionsthatyouthinkwouldbemostinterestingandcompellingintermsofassessingwhetherstakeholdersmightbereadytoengageinsometypeofpublicprocess.
• Usetheanalyticalframeworks(i.e.,thestakeholdermapandthechecklist)todetermineifsometypeofcollaborationisappropriateinthiscaseand/orifsomeothertypeofpublicprocessmightbemoreappropriate.
• Usingthetheoryandmethodspresentedinthereadings(includingtheIAP2Framework),whatwouldyourecommendintermsofthiscase?
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8.DESIGNINGANEFFECTIVECOLLABORATIVEPROCESSOneoftheprimaryvaluesofcompletingasituationassessmentisthatitallowsyoutotailorthecitizenparticipation,collaborativeproblemsolving,ordisputeresolutionprocesstomeettheneedsandinterestsofcitizens,stakeholders,andthedecision-makers.Usingtheinformationgatheredthroughthesituationassessment,theparticipantsarenowreadytodesignaneffectiveprocessthatincludes(1)aninterest-basedworkplan;and(2)asetofgroundrules(includingthesideboardsorconstraintsinfluencingtheprocess;howtoincorporatenon-localinterestsinlocaldecision-makingprocesses;andsoon).
Readings
1. ThomasDietzandPaulC.Stern,eds.PublicParticipationInEnvironmentalAssessmentAndDecisionMaking(2008):111-135.
2. SusanCarpenterandW.J.D.Kennedy,ManagingPublicDisputes:APracticalGuideToHandlingConflictAndReachingAgreements(Jossey-Bass,1991):92-136.
3. MatthewMcKinney,DesigninganEffectiveCollaborativeProcess(CenterforNaturalResources&EnvironmentalPolicy,2015):28pages.
4. MatthewMcKinney,ManagingEffectiveMeetings(CenterforNaturalResourcesandEnvironmentalPolicy,2015):13pages.
5. RockyMountainSpottedTrout:AResourceManagementDisputeOnFederalLands–GeneralInstructionsForPart1:NegotiatingTheProcess
QuestionsandDiscussion
1. Usethediscussionpaper“WhatDoWeMeanByConsensus?”toreviewthekeyissuesindesigninganeffectivemulti-partyprocess:(a)Representation–whoshouldbeinvolved?(b)Decision-making–howwillthegroupmakedecisions?(c)Groundrules–togoverntheprocess;(d)Scientificandtechnicalinformation–whatinformationisneededandhowwillthegroupgatherandanalyzeit?(e)Resourceconstraints--timeandmoney.Emphasizetheneedtotailortheprocesstomeettheneedsandinterestsofstakeholders,andinawaythatrespectslegal,institutional,political,cultural,economic,andscientificconstraintsorsideboards.
2. Practicedesigningacollaborativeprocess.Priortoclass,readtheGeneralInstructionsforthemulti-partynegotiation“RockyMountainSpottedTrout:AResourceManagementDisputeOnFederalLands–Part1:NegotiatingTheProcess.”Theinstructorwillleadyouthroughthis90minuterole-playexercise.
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9.BUILDINGAGREEMENTONSCIENTIFICANDTECHNICALINFORMATIONManylanduse,naturalresource,andenvironmentaldisputesrevolvearounddisagreementsoverscientificandtechnicalinformation.Thissessionwillconsiderdifferentwaysofknowingandpresentaframeworkfor“jointfactfinding”or“collaborativelearning.”Itwillalsoexaminetherolesofscientificinformationandtechnicalexpertsinpublicdecision-making.
Readings
1. RonaldD.BrunnerandToddiA.Steelman,BeyondScientificManagement(2005):1-14.2. GailBingham,WhentheSparksFly:BuildingConsensusWhentheScienceIs
Contested(2003):20pages.3. HermanA.Karl,etal.,ADialogue,NotaDiatribe:EffectiveIntegrationofScienceand
PolicythroughJointFactFinding,Environment49(2007):20-34.4. JuliaM.WondolleckandClareM.Ryan,WhatHatDoIWearNow?AnExamination
ofAgencyRolesinCollaborativeProcesses,NegotiationJournal(1999):selectedpages.
5. MatthewMcKinney,Co-ManagingtheFisheryResourceinFlatheadLake(2013):38pages.
QuestionsandDiscussion
1. AccordingtoBrunnerandSteelman,whatisthehistoricalroleofscienceandtechnicalexpertsinshapingnaturalresourceandenvironmentalpolicy?Whataretheimplicationsofthislegacytoday?
2. Whatcausesconflictoverscientificandtechnicalinformation?SeetheessaysbyBinghamandKarl.
3. Whatisthepurposeandgoalofjointfactfinding?Howdoesitdifferfromtheconventionalapproachtoaddressingscientificandtechnicalissues(i.e.,scientificmanagement)?Whatarethekeystepsinjointfactfinding?
4. AccordingtoWondolleckandRyan,whatarethevariousrolesthatscientificandtechnicalexpertsplayinmakingdecisionsandresolvingconflict?WhatbarriersmayemergeinmovingfromthehistoricalroleofscientificandtechnicalexpertstotheframeworksuggestedbyWondolleckandRyan?
5. Applythetheoryandmethodsofjointfact-findinginthecasestudy“Co-ManagingtheFisheryResourceinFlatheadLake.”
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10.DELIBERATINGANDDECIDING
Oncetheparticipantshavenegotiatedanagreementontheprocess,itistimetonegotiateoverthesubstanceoftheissues.Duringthissession,wewillreviewthetheoryandmethodofmutualgainsnegotiationinamulti-party,multi-issuecontext.Theessenceofmulti-partynegotiationistolearnfromeachotherwhatisjointlydesirableandpossible.Thisrequirescooperationtoshareyourinterests,learnaboutotherpeople’sinterests,andcreateoptionsandpackagesthatmeetasmanyinterestsaspossible.Italsoinvolvessomedegreeofcompetition(toadvanceyourindividualinterest)andtheimperativeofimplementation–thatis,makingcommitmentsandfollowing-through.Intheterminologyofdeliberativedemocracy,thisstepfocusesondeliberatinganddecision-making.
Readings
1. LawrenceSusskind,PaulLevy,andJenniferThomas-Larmer,TheMutualGainsApproach(1999):1-40.
2. SusanCarpenterandW.J.D.Kennedy,ManagingPublicDisputes:APracticalGuidetoHandlingConflictandReachingAgreements(1991):137-154.
3. MatthewMcKinney,BestPractices:DeliberatingAndDeciding(2015).4. MatthewMcKinney,TheRoleofFacilitatorsandMediators(2012):29pages.5. LawrenceSusskind,etal.,TheFiveLivesofaNeutral:TheRolesandResourcesof
NeutralsinMultipartyNegotiation(2003):138-142.6. RockyMountainSpottedTrout:AResourceManagementDisputeonFederalLands–
GeneralInstructionsforPart2:NegotiatingtheIssues
QuestionsandDiscussion
1. Whatarethekeyelementsofmutualgainsnegotiation,and“why”iseachoneoftheseelementscriticalforsuccess?
2. Inlightofthesekeyelementsandgiventhenaturalstagesofgroupdevelopment,howwouldyousequenceissuesinawaytobuildtrust,respect,communication,understanding,andultimatelyagreement?Whatstrategiesmightbeeffectiveinmanaginggroupdynamics(e.g.,usingcaucusesawayfromthetabletoclarifyinterests,options,andpackages;buildingcoalitionsamongdiverseintereststopackageoptions;etc.)?
3. Howimportantisittoengageanimpartial,nonpartisanfacilitatorand/ormediatortohelpcatalyze,convene,andcoordinateamultipartynegotiationorcollaborationprocess?Whatvaluedoesa“processmanager”add?Whatrolesandresourcescantheyplayasaneutralprocessmanager(see“FiveLives”essay)?
4. Practiceparticipatinginacollaborativeprocess,eitherasanegotiatororamediator.Priortoclass,readtheGeneralInstructionsforthemulti-partynegotiation“RockyMountainSpottedTrout:AResourceManagementDisputeOnFederalLands–Part2:NegotiatingTheProcess.”Theinstructorwillleadyouthroughthis90-120minuterole-playexercise.
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11.ENGAGINGUNAFFILIATEDCITIZENSOneofthegrowingchallengesinpreventingandresolvingnaturalresourceconflictsishowtoengageunaffiliated,rankandfilecitizens.Theprevioussessionshavefocusedlargelyonhowtocatalyze,convene,andcoordinatemultipartycollaborativeprocesses,whichtypicallyattractindividualsandgroupsthatareorganizedandhaveanidentifiablestakeinanissueordecision.Thissessionwillfocusonemergingtheoriesandmethodstoengagethe“silentmajority,”includingtheuseofdeliberativedialoguemethodsandcollaborativetechnologies.
Readings
1. MattLeighneigner,TheNextFormofDemocracy:HowExpertRuleIsGivingWaytoSharedGovernance...AndWhyPoliticsWillNeverBetheSame(2006):1-9.
2. ThomasDietzandPaulC.Stern,eds.PublicParticipationinEnvironmentalAssessmentandDecisionMaking(2008):192-221.
3. KenSnyder,PuttingDemocracyFrontandCenter(2006):8pages.4. JasonGershowitzandColinRule,ApplyingInformationandCommunication
TechnologytoMultipartyConflictResolutionProcesses(2012):5pages.5. AmyLee,OnlineDeliberativeDecision-Making(KetteringFoundation2013):3
pages.
QuestionsandDiscussion
1. Whatistheproblemofmobilizingandengagingunaffiliatedcitizens?Whocaresifpeoplechoosetonotparticipateinnaturalresourcesdecision-making?
2. Whatisthedifferencebetweenaboundedvs.anunboundedpublicprocess?How,ifatall,dothetheoriesandmethodsofcollaborativeproblemsolvinghelpinformthedesignandimplementationofanunboundedprocess?
3. Whataresomekeyprinciplesandmethodstoidentify,mobilize,andrecruitindependent,unaffiliatedcitizens–togettheirattentionandgettheminvolved?
4. Whataresomeofthemostinnovativeandcompellingmethodsto“engage”peopleeitherface-to-face,virtually,orsomecombination–onceyouhavetheirattentionandtheyshow-up?
5. Iftimeallows,studentswillworkinsmallgroupstodevelopastrategicplantomobilizeandengageunaffiliatedcitizensinnationalforestplanning.Amongotherthings,explain:
a. Whataresomeinnovative,effectivetoolstoidentify,mobilize,andrecruitcitizens?
b. Howmightcollaborativetechnologiesimprovepublicparticipationinnationalforestplanning?
c. Whatmightconstraintheuseofdeliberativedialogue,collaborativetechnologies,andsimilarapproachestopublicparticipationinnationalforestplanning?Thinkintermsofthedecision-makeraswellascitizens.
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12.IMPLEMENTINGAGREEMENTSANDADAPTIVEMANAGEMENTWhilethetheoryofcollaborationisrelativelystraightforward,thereareanumberofproblemsthatariseinpractice.Duringthissession,wewillexamineproblemsandstrategiesrelatedtoimplementationandadaptivemanagement,reviewtheroleofprocessmanagers(facilitatorsandmediators)andcollaborativeleaders,considertheevidenceontherelativeeffectivenessofcollaboration,andevaluatealternativemetricstomeasuretheperformanceand“success”ofcollaboration.
Readings
1. MatthewMcKinney,Land-UsePlanninginSweetwaterCounty:BestPracticesforCommonImplementationProblems.
2. LawrenceS.BacowandMichaelWheeler,EnvironmentalDisputeResolution(1984):145-154.
3. WilliamR.PotapchuckandJarleCrocker,ImplementingConsensus-BasedAgreements(2004):527-555.
4. JuliaM.WondolleckandStevenL.Yaffee,MakingCollaborationWork:LessonsfromInnovationinNaturalResourcesManagement(2000):47-68.
5. WilliamClark,AdaptiveManagement:HealThyself(Environment2002);1page.
QuestionsandDiscussion
1. Usingthecasestudy“Land-UsePlanningInSweetwaterCounty:BestPracticesForCommonImplementationProblems,”examinesomeofthecommonproblemsrelatedtoimplementingnegotiatedagreements.Reviewtheproblemsandstrategiesidentifiedinreadings2-4listedabove.
2. Onechallengecommontomost,ifnotall,naturalresourcepolicyandconflictresolutionishowtomakedecisionsinthefaceofuncertainty–scientific,political,institutional,andsoon.Therealityisthatwemakedecisionseverydaybasedonincompleteknowledgeandinformation.
a. Explainthedimensionsofthisproblemassuggestedbythereadings.b. Whiletheideaofadaptivemanagementmakesalotofsense,whyisitso
difficulttoimplementinpractice?c. Whatarethekeyingredientstoeffectiveadaptivemanagementinpractice?
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13.TOWARDMOREEFFECTIVEGOVERNANCEWhiletheuseofcollaborationisoftenchallenging,thirtyyearsoftheoryandpracticesuggestthatitmaybepossibletoimprovegovernancebymovingbeyondtheuseofcollaborationtoaddresssingleissuesonanadhocbasis,todesigningsystemsthatcanrespondtothe“streamofdisputes”thatcharacterizenaturalresource,environmental,andotherpublicpolicyconflict.Thissessionwillreviewprogressinreformingsystemsofgovernance,andexplorewhethercollaborationsuggestsanewformofdemocracy.Wewillalsoexaminehowtheemergingideaseofcollectiveimpactandnetworkgovernancemayimprovegovernance.WewillinviteDanielKemmis,anationallyrecognizedauthorandspeaker,tojoinusforthissession.
Readings
1. DanielKemmis,ThisSovereignLand:ANewVisionforGoverningtheWest(2001):128-142(seereadinginSession5).
2. JuliaM.Wondolleck,ACrackintheFoundation?RevisitingECR’sVoluntaryTenet,ConflictResolutionQuarterly(2010):5selectedpages.
3. DanielKemmisandMatthewMcKinney,CollaborationandtheEcologyofDemocracy,KetteringFoundation(2011).
4. JohnKaniaandMarkKramer,CollectiveImpact,StanfordSocialInnovationReview(2011):36-41.
5. LynnScarlettandMatthewMcKinney,ConnectingPeopleandPlaces:TheEmergingRoleofNetworkGovernanceinLargeLandscapeConservation(2016).
QuestionsandDiscussion
1. Howhasnegotiationandcollaborationbeenintegratedintonaturalresourcedecision-makingoverthepast20-25years?Howdoesthetheoryofdisputesystemsdesignsupportthistrend?Whataresomeoftheconcernsordrawbackstothistrend(seeWondelleckandKemmis)?
2. How,ifatall,doesthetheoryandpracticeofcollaboration,particularlytheorganicemergenceofcommunity-basedcollaboration,suggestanewpoliticaltheory?Whatarethepracticalimplicationsofthistheorytonaturalresourcepolicyandconflictresolution?
3. Inadditiontocollaboration,severalothermodelsofproblem-solving,socialchange,andgovernancehaveemergedduringthepastdecadethatmayimprovetheeffectivenessofnaturalresourcespolicy,conflictresolution,andgovernance.
a. Howarethetheoriesandpracticesofcollectiveimpactandnetworkgovernancesimilartoanddifferentfromcollaboration?
b. Whataretheimplicationsofallthesemodelstoleadership?Inotherwords,whattypeofleadersdoweneedtoshapewise,durablesolutionstonaturalresourceproblems?
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