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NATION BUILDING AND NATIONIONALISM
America: Past and Present
Chapter 9
Expansion and Migration
American perspective shifts from Europe to West after 1815
Land perceived as rich, unsettled Continent held in part by the English,
Spanish, and Indians
Extending the Boundaries
John Quincy Adams--expansionist secretary of state from 1816 to 1824
Adams-Onis Treaty secures all Florida, U.S. boundary to Pacific
Settled "West" still mostly east of Mississippi River
Settlement to the Mississippi: Indian Removal
Indian Removal policy begins after 1815 Some Indians retain tribal homelands Some Southern states claim jurisdiction
over the Indians in their borders Former Indian land sold to speculators
Settlement to the Mississippi: Settlers Move In
Speculators sell land parcels to settlers on credit
Settlers immediately enter commercial farming to pay off debt
Access to markets gained by network of market towns, regional centers
By 1840 over 1/3 of U.S. population lives west of the Appalachians
The People and Culture of the Frontier
West settled to escape overpopulation, rising land prices, worn-out soil
Settlers bring culture with them Cooperation, strong community
necessary for survival Land values rise rapidly in a few years Price rise encourages rootlessness as
many sell out and move on
Transportation and the Market Economy
Complementary trends after 1815– Rapid improvement in transportation – Increasing use of money and credit in the
economy Trends stimulate emergence of a
national market economy
A Revolution in Transportation: Roads
National Road from Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, Virginia
Private turnpikes built by entrepreneurs Roads useful but unprofitable
A Revolution in Transportation: Steamboats
Network of rivers encourage economic development
Flatboats transport down river early Steamboats transport upriver after 1811 Upriver capabilities reduce costs Steamboat traffic stimulates Congress
to establish safety regulations
The Canal Boom
Erie Canal first transportation link between East and West, 1825
Canal cuts East-West transportation costs dramatically
Canal stimulates commercial growth of New York City
Emergence of a Market Economy
Lower transportation costs mean greater income for the farmer
Sale to distant markets involves farmers in a complex system of credit
Market stimulates specialization – Ohio Valley produces wheat– Lower South produces cotton
Commerce and Banking
Commercial farming stimulates new system of marketing
Farmers borrow on future crops Use of credit stimulates banking State banks increase after 1812 1816--Second Bank of the United
States created to check state banks Bank’s easy credit sparks Panic of 1819
Early Industrialism
Rise in manufacturing after 1812 Traditional methods but innovative
financing through “putting out” system– “Putting out:” merchants deliver raw
materials for farm families, artisans to process
Textile industry leads development of factory system
The Politics of Nation-Building After the War of 1812
Politics a one-party system after 1812 Interest groups no longer take
differences into the political arena Federal executive, legislature largely
irrelevant to domestic economy Supreme Court exerts influence on
economy by deciding crucial cases
The Republicans in Power
Republicans begin adopting Federalist measures after War of 1812– 1815: establish high tariffs– 1816: charter a national bank– federal aid for internal improvements
Federal efforts to stimulate economy falter– Madison, Monroe see Constitutional conflicts– Efforts provoke sectional conflict
Monroe as President
James Monroe elected President in 1816, reelected in 1820
Monroe seeks national harmony Takes no action in Panic of 1819,
believes president above such matters Provides no leadership controversy
over Missouri
The Missouri Compromise: The Issues
1817--Missouri applies for statehood as slave state
Northerners believe South over-represented in House of Representatives
House rejects unless slavery abolished South wishes to preserve balance between
slave states and free states
The Missouri Compromise: The Solution
Missouri admitted as slave state Maine admitted as free state Slavery banned elsewhere in Louisiana
Purchase above the latitude of 3630' Missouri controversy exposed deep rift
between North and South
Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Court
John Marshall chief justice 1801-1835 Marshall uses position to encourage
national growth Believes Constitution exists to protect the
industrious Protects individual property rights against
government interference Marshall uses court decisions to limit
powers of the states
Nationalism in Foreign Policy:Circumstances of the Monroe
Doctrine When Latin American nations revolt,
U.S. supports new republics European ruling classes fear rebellion
might prove contagious France was encouraged to squelch
Spain's rebellious colonies Great Britain asks U.S. to cooperate
against French in Latin America
Nationalism in Foreign Policy: Monroe Doctrine’s Provisions
Monroe persuaded that U.S. alone must protect Latin American independence
1823--Monroe Doctrine warns European nations out of the Western Hemisphere
Doctrine also promises U.S. will not interfere in European affairs
Refocuses U.S. from worldwide struggles against tyranny to national development
Adams and the End of the Era of Good Feelings
James Monroe supports John Quincy Adams to succeed him
Adams intelligent, keen interest in progress, loyal to nation, not sectional
A "gentleman" in an age of rising democracy Nearly loses election of 1824 Term of office fails because of fiercely
contending sectional interests
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