NATION BUILDING AND NATIONIONALISM

America: Past and Present

Chapter 9

Expansion and Migration

American perspective shifts from Europe to West after 1815

Land perceived as rich, unsettled Continent held in part by the English,

Spanish, and Indians

Extending the Boundaries

John Quincy Adams--expansionist secretary of state from 1816 to 1824

Adams-Onis Treaty secures all Florida, U.S. boundary to Pacific

Settled "West" still mostly east of Mississippi River

Settlement to the Mississippi: Indian Removal

Indian Removal policy begins after 1815 Some Indians retain tribal homelands Some Southern states claim jurisdiction

over the Indians in their borders Former Indian land sold to speculators

Settlement to the Mississippi: Settlers Move In

Speculators sell land parcels to settlers on credit

Settlers immediately enter commercial farming to pay off debt

Access to markets gained by network of market towns, regional centers

By 1840 over 1/3 of U.S. population lives west of the Appalachians

The People and Culture of the Frontier

West settled to escape overpopulation, rising land prices, worn-out soil

Settlers bring culture with them Cooperation, strong community

necessary for survival Land values rise rapidly in a few years Price rise encourages rootlessness as

many sell out and move on

Transportation and the Market Economy

Complementary trends after 1815– Rapid improvement in transportation – Increasing use of money and credit in the

economy Trends stimulate emergence of a

national market economy

A Revolution in Transportation: Roads

National Road from Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, Virginia

Private turnpikes built by entrepreneurs Roads useful but unprofitable

A Revolution in Transportation: Steamboats

Network of rivers encourage economic development

Flatboats transport down river early Steamboats transport upriver after 1811 Upriver capabilities reduce costs Steamboat traffic stimulates Congress

to establish safety regulations

The Canal Boom

Erie Canal first transportation link between East and West, 1825

Canal cuts East-West transportation costs dramatically

Canal stimulates commercial growth of New York City

Emergence of a Market Economy

Lower transportation costs mean greater income for the farmer

Sale to distant markets involves farmers in a complex system of credit

Market stimulates specialization – Ohio Valley produces wheat– Lower South produces cotton

Commerce and Banking

Commercial farming stimulates new system of marketing

Farmers borrow on future crops Use of credit stimulates banking State banks increase after 1812 1816--Second Bank of the United

States created to check state banks Bank’s easy credit sparks Panic of 1819

Early Industrialism

Rise in manufacturing after 1812 Traditional methods but innovative

financing through “putting out” system– “Putting out:” merchants deliver raw

materials for farm families, artisans to process

Textile industry leads development of factory system

The Politics of Nation-Building After the War of 1812

Politics a one-party system after 1812 Interest groups no longer take

differences into the political arena Federal executive, legislature largely

irrelevant to domestic economy Supreme Court exerts influence on

economy by deciding crucial cases

The Republicans in Power

Republicans begin adopting Federalist measures after War of 1812– 1815: establish high tariffs– 1816: charter a national bank– federal aid for internal improvements

Federal efforts to stimulate economy falter– Madison, Monroe see Constitutional conflicts– Efforts provoke sectional conflict

Monroe as President

James Monroe elected President in 1816, reelected in 1820

Monroe seeks national harmony Takes no action in Panic of 1819,

believes president above such matters Provides no leadership controversy

over Missouri

The Missouri Compromise: The Issues

1817--Missouri applies for statehood as slave state

Northerners believe South over-represented in House of Representatives

House rejects unless slavery abolished South wishes to preserve balance between

slave states and free states

The Missouri Compromise: The Solution

Missouri admitted as slave state Maine admitted as free state Slavery banned elsewhere in Louisiana

Purchase above the latitude of 3630' Missouri controversy exposed deep rift

between North and South

Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Court

John Marshall chief justice 1801-1835 Marshall uses position to encourage

national growth Believes Constitution exists to protect the

industrious Protects individual property rights against

government interference Marshall uses court decisions to limit

powers of the states

Nationalism in Foreign Policy:Circumstances of the Monroe

Doctrine When Latin American nations revolt,

U.S. supports new republics European ruling classes fear rebellion

might prove contagious France was encouraged to squelch

Spain's rebellious colonies Great Britain asks U.S. to cooperate

against French in Latin America

Nationalism in Foreign Policy: Monroe Doctrine’s Provisions

Monroe persuaded that U.S. alone must protect Latin American independence

1823--Monroe Doctrine warns European nations out of the Western Hemisphere

Doctrine also promises U.S. will not interfere in European affairs

Refocuses U.S. from worldwide struggles against tyranny to national development

Adams and the End of the Era of Good Feelings

James Monroe supports John Quincy Adams to succeed him

Adams intelligent, keen interest in progress, loyal to nation, not sectional

A "gentleman" in an age of rising democracy Nearly loses election of 1824 Term of office fails because of fiercely

contending sectional interests