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Nancy Pommerening Derek SiegleDrug Awareness & Prevention Ohio HIDTA Director
Marijuana and the Drug-Free WorkplaceGreater Cleveland Safety Council
April 16, 2015
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Marijuana Questions
How does marijuana impact
the workplace?Our communities?
Our families?
IS there objective,
scientific evidencethat marijuana
causes health &/or impairmentproblems?
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
POP Pot QUIZ!
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
POP QUIZ!
1. Marijuana doesn’t hurt anyone. • True• False
What would most people
say?
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
POP QUIZ!
1. Marijuana doesn’t hurt anyone. • True• False
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
“Marijuana doesn’t hurt anyone.” What people really mean is
• No one dies– From overdose?
• TRUE!– Overdose or poisoning is not how most people die from drug use Risk comes from:
• Safety• Health• Addiction
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
BASAL GANGLIAInvolved in motor control & planning, + start/stop of actions
HYPOTHALAMUS Controls appetite, hormones, sexual behavior
AMYGDALAResponsible for anxiety, emotion & fear
BRAIN STEM & SPINAL CORDImportant in the vomiting reflex, & sensation of pain
VENTRAL STRATUMInvolved in the prediction & feeling of reward
NEOCORTEXResponsible for higher cognitive functions & the integration of sensory memory
HIPPOCAMPUSImportant for memory & learning facts, sequences, places
CEREBELUMCenter for motor control & coordination
When marijuana is smoked, its active ingredient, THC, travels throughout the body, including the brain, to produce its many effects. THC attaches to sites called cannabinoid receptors on the nerve cells in the brain, affecting the way those cells work. Cannabinoid receptors are abundant in parts of the brain that regulate movement, coordination, learning and memory, higher cognitive functions such as judgment, and pleasure.
Maruijuana’s Effects on the Brain
© Alice Y Chen 2004 Adapted from Scientific American
Marijuana Effects
Negative Consequences for User: 1. Short attention span2. Loss of short-term memory3. Loss of cognitive function4. Slower reaction time (up to 60%)5. Uncoordinated6. Higher rate of accidents
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Impact on Youth:Schooling & Employment
Many studies consistently show:
Changes in the brain Learning Problems Memory loss IQ loss (~ 8 pts) Less life satisfaction Poor grades Lower adult incomes
National Institute on Drug Abuse image
Healthy
User, Age 18 Brain 4 x wk, 3 yrs
College-Age Adults (Ages 18 to 25)
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Colorado ranked 2nd in U.S. for current marijuana use among college-age adults (53.62% higher than the national average.)
United States Colorado0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
18.91%
29.05%
Marijuana Use 2013
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Impact on Adults:Employment & Productivity
Majority of positive drug tests are for marijuanaMiss work > 10 x
On-the-job incidents > 3.6 x Workers’ compensation claim > 5 x
American Council for Drug Education in New York
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
POP QUIZ!
2. Marijuana is not addictive.• True• False
What would most people
say?
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
POP QUIZ!
2. Marijuana is not addictive.• True
• False
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Marijuana’s Health EffectsMost people who use marijuana once
will stop, and not become addicted.
For people who keep smoking marijuana, the health harms are underappreciated and costly.
Addiction Rates:1 in 6 kids
1 out of 11 users(Similar to alcohol)
Wagner, F.A. & Anthony, J.C. From first drug use to drug dependence; developmental periods of risk for dependence upon cannabis,
cocaine, and alcohol. Neuropsychopharmacology 26, 479-488 (2002).
Not Just Smoking…
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Marijuana Wax
Highest potency of marijuana on the market
Quicker high Created by using butane
to extract "hash oil" or "butane hash oil (BHO)
Marijuana put in long tube and then heated with butane
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
• Wax is to marijuana as freebasing is to cocaine
• Vapors fill room and ignite with a spark
• Risk of burns and homes blowing up
• Hash oil explosions in Colorado:
0 in 2012, 32 in 2014
Wax Creation Issues
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Dabbing and Vaping
Who Becomes Addicted?
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Treatment Admissions
#1: Marijuana 58.9%
National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2012
#2 Opiates
#3 Cocaine
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
POP QUIZ!
3. The potency of today’s marijuana is:A. About the same as in the 1970s.B. A little stronger than in the the 1970s.C. About 6x stronger than in the 1970s.D. At least 100x stronger than in the 1970s.
What would most people
say?
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
POP QUIZ!
3. The potency of today’s marijuana is:A. About the same as in the 1970s.B. A little stronger than in the 1970s.C. About 6x stronger than in the 1970s.D. At least 100x stronger than in the 1970s.
Average THC and CBD Levels in the US: 1960 - 2011
1960
1965
1970
1974
1975
1978
1980
1983
1984
1985
1986
1992
1993
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
THC
0.2 0.24
0.39
0.47
1 1 1.5 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.1 3.1 4 4.54
5.16
4.96
4.67
5.4 6.18
7.26
7.18
8.33
8.09
9.08
10.27
10.25
9.91
10.96
11.42
CBD
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
0.28
0.31
0.38
0.36
0.33
0.31
0.42
0.4 0.41
0.43
0.45
0.47
0.42
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.53
0.48
0.41
NaN
NaN
NaN
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
MA
RIJ
UA
NA
PO
TEN
CY
NON-Psychoactive Ingredient
CBD
Psychoactive Ingredient
THC
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
POP QUIZ!
4. It is safe to drive after using marijuana.• True• False
What would most people
say?
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
POP QUIZ!
4. It is safe to drive after using marijuana.• True•False
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Marijuana & Driving
Impairments linger:
Roadside sobriety test
1.5 hours after smoking: 94% failed 2.5 hours after smoking: 60% failed
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Typical High = Impairment at .08 BAC
Over 300 studies show .08 BAC can causeDivided attentionSteering problemsReaction Time Slowed
Drivers between .05 - .08 BAC 7 – 21x more likely to be killed in crash
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
POP QUIZ!
5. Levels of impairment can be easily tested in marijuana users.• True• False What would
most people say?
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
POP QUIZ!
5. Levels of impairment can be easily tested in marijuana users.• True• False
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Marijuana Impairment
Even though effects of Marijuana Impairment occur
immediately and linger:How do Law Officers judge
impairment?How would employers do this?
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
POP QUIZ!
6. Marijuana is safe to use as medicine.
• True• False
What would most people
say?
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
POP QUIZ!
6. Marijuana is safe to use as medicine.
• True• False
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
No one chews willow bark for aspirin...
Smoking opium is not used for pain relief...
Eating rosy periwinkle is not used for battling leukemia...
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
“Medicine” is not up for vote
Marijuana should be subject to the same research, consideration & study
as any other potential medicine.
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Cannabis-Based Medicines NOT focused on
raw/crude marijuana, but in the individual components
Sativex is in the process of being studied
Marinol is already approved
Bayer Health. Fact Sheet – Sativex. April 13, 2005.http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/prodpharma/notices-avis/conditions/sativex_fs_fd_091289-eng.php
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Marijuana Status (Medicinal)- 23 States and DC
1. California – 1996
2. Alaska – 1998
3. Oregon – 1998
4. Washington – 1998
5. Maine – 1999
6. Colorado – 2000
7. Hawaii - 2000
8. Nevada – 2000
9. Montana – 2004
10. Vermont – 2004
11. Rhode Island – 2006
12. New Mexico - 2007
13. Michigan – 2008
14. Arizona – 2010
15. DC – 2010
16. New Jersey – 2010
17. Delaware – 2011
18. Connecticut – 2012
19. Massachusetts - 2012
20. Illinois – 2013
21. New Hampshire – 2013
22. Maryland – 2014
23. Minnesota – 2014
24. New York - 2014
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Medical Marijuana States
Medical Use States: Abuse/dependence rates ~ 2x higher
Legal
Medical
Decriminalized
Medical & decriminalizedFully Ilegal
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Cleveland Plain Dealer April 7, 2105
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
POP QUIZ!
7. If we legalize and tax marijuana, governments will gain much needed dollars.
• True• False What would
most people say?
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
POP QUIZ!
7. If we legalize and tax marijuana, governments will gain much needed dollars.
• True• False
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
2.7 million Arrests for alcohol-related crimes in
2008
847,000Marijuana-related
arrests in 2008
(Does NOT include violence; Includes violations of liquor laws and DUIs)
“If Only We Treated It Like Alcohol…”
Federal Bureau of Investigation (2008) UniformCrime Reports, Washington,DC. http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
New York Times April 9, 2015
Projected:$118 MillionActual:$69 MillionBudget Addition:¼ of 1%
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Alcohol & TobaccoMoney Makers or Dollar Drainers?
Alcohol Costs
T obacco Costs
$14 billion
Costs
Revenues
$25 billion
$200billion
$185billion
Revenues
State estimates found at http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/31/weekinreview/31saul.html?em; Federal estimates found at https://www.policyarchive.org/bitstream/handle/10207/3314/RS20343_20020110.pdf; Also see http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/research/factsheets/pdf/0072.pdf; Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids, see “Smoking-caused costs,” on p.2.
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
POP QUIZ!
8. Legalizing marijuana will eliminate the black market and drug cartels.
• True• False What would
most people say?
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
POP QUIZ!
8. Legalizing marijuana will eliminate the black market and drug cartels.
• True•False
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
The Black Market & Drug Cartels
• Marijuana only 15% - 20% of cartel revenue
• Most legalization schemes include high taxes – Black market will undercut
price to keep market share• Legalization likely will
increase demand
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Colorado support is NOT universalCity Responses to A-64
As of Nov. 5, 2014
Re: Recreational marijuana businesses:
179 cities prohibited
40 cities have moratorium
6 cities prohibited new businesses but allowed medical to migrate to recreational
41 cities have allowed (15 %)
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Colorado Perspective
Medical Marijuana
Starbucks
Recreational Marijuana
McDonalds
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
497
405
369
227
Number of Stores/Centers
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
POP QUIZ!
9. What percent of state prisoners are being held for marijuana possession only?
A. 0.7 % B. 5.2 %C. 10.8 %D. 17.1 %
What would most people
say?
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
POP QUIZ!
9. What percent of state prisoners are being held for marijuana possession only?
A. 0.7 % B. 5.2 %C. 10.8 %D. 17.1 %
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Num
ber o
f Sen
tenc
ed P
rison
ers
38,900148,600
224,900 263,800 251,400
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prisoners in 2009 (December 2010); Prisoners in 1996 (June 1997).
6/2011
All Offenses
Drug Offenses
Sentenced in State PrisonsAll Offenses vs Drug Offenses 1985 - 2009
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Drug Possession Offenders in State Prisons
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
POP QUIZ!
10. Ohioans will legalize medical and/or recreational marijuana:
• True• False
What would most people
say?
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
POP QUIZ!
10. Ohioans may or may not legalize medical and/or recreational marijuana.
• True• False
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Ohio - Marijuana News
2015-2016
FOUR INITIATIVES
Ohio Rights Group
Responsible Ohio
Responsible Ohioans
Ohioans to End Prohibition
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Responsible Ohio Constitutional Amendment 2015
• Group of investors (10 names released)• 10 Grow Sites• 5 Testing Facilities• 21 or older – Personal use• Medical – any age, with parental consent• Home grows – 4 plants plus 8 ounces• 5% tax (plus 15% for grower and 15% for distributor)• $554 million in tax revenue by 2020. • 2020 Projection: Sales 250 tons of pot per year
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Responsible Ohio Constitutional Amendment 2015
Concerns• Marijuana monopoly• Children would be allowed access w/parental consent• “Medical” marijuana individuals can share pot• Home-grown pot can be shared• Program for low-income individuals to get low-cost pot• 1140 stores allowed (Only 203 Starbucks in Ohio!)• WHERE can “medical” marijuana folks use?
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Plain Dealer @ Cleveland.com
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Ohio InitiativesConstitutional Amendment
SponsorMedical Recreational Notes Status
Responsible Ohio
Yes Yes
10 wealthy investors10 grow sites4 home-grown plants + 8 oz. for Ohioans 21 or over, could share
Goal 2015 BallotLanguage approved by AGMust have VERIFIED signatures by July to be on ballot.
Responsible Ohioans for Cannabis
Yes
Expunge marijuana offenses, release prisoners w/ marijuana offenses
Step 1: Begun collecting 1,000 signatures for AG approval
Ohio Rights Group
Yes
For over 20 ailmentsChildren w/parent consentSelf-diagnosedtherapeutic use
Goal 2015 BallotStep 2: Claim to have 150,000 signatures, since 2013
Ohioans to End Prohibition
YesOver age 21 to sell or grow
Step 1: Begun collecting 1,000 signatures for AG approval
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Legalization = Commercialization
With legalization comes market for stronger, more intense high
Very little research done on higher potency weed
Little to no regulation on high-concentrate pot products
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Marijuana based products such as foods, oils, ointments, aerosols, may be legally sold as “medicine”
“Infused” products
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
POP QUIZ!
11. One ounce of marijuana yields:A. Approximately 3 cigarette sized joints.B. Approximately 8 cigarette sized joints.C. Approximately 15 cigarette sized joints.D. Approximately 84 cigarette sized joints.
What would most people
say?
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
POP QUIZ!
11. One ounce of marijuana yields:A. Approximately 3 cigarette sized joints.B. Approximately 8 cigarette sized joints.C. Approximately 15 cigarette sized joints.
D. Approximately 84 cigarette sized joints.
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
4 Plants? So what?
• NORML estimates 1 plant ~ 8 oz. of marijuana• 1 lb. = 16 oz. • 4 plants = 32 oz. • 2,688 cigarette-sized joints• 1 joint at minimum = 4 hours of intoxication• 4 plants = 448 days of continual highs
DEA photo
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Business Impact?
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Employer Concerns
Liability for injuries or damages caused by impaired employees Compliance with state and federal workplace policies OSHA, DOT, “safety sensitive” positions Worker’s Compensation Claims Drug-Free Workplace Hiring, disciplining and firing employees Guidelines for accommodations and leave requests
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Positive results increased by 6.2% since 2012Double digit increases in Colorado and Washington
% Positive
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Where would marijuana use be legal?In public? Prisons? Daycares?
Hospitals? Homes with children present?
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Lessons from Colorado
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Compassionate care orincreased access to marijuana?
>80%• Most card holders
in CA & CO are white men between the ages of 17 and 35
• No history of chronic illness
• History of Alcohol and Drug Use
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Drug-Free Workplace Written Policy
In states where marijuana is legal, many companies continue to enforce “Zero Tolerance” policies.
Some, like an international one we have worked with, allows medical marijuana, but employees are not allowed to be underthe influence at work
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
News Report
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CS0Ug3wajLQ
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
What have the Courts said?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjdX078djj4“Legal experts seem to agree that medical marijuana statutes only protect patients from criminal sanctions, and do not create a civil protection.”Beth Milito, Sr. Counsel NFIB
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Michigan – Joseph Casias sued his employerCase dismissed by Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals
Maine – Brittany Thomas sues AdeccoACLU is taking this case up
Colorado – Brandon Coats sued Dish NetworkCourt ruled wasn't illegal firing because marijuana is an illegal drug federally
WSJ article "Medical Marijuana Poses Litigation Risk to Employers." (8-15-13) – Cost employers between $69,000 and $107,000 in costs, not including any award.
New Mexico – Employer must pay for pot? http://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/insurer-business-must-cover-medical-pot-for-injured-worker/article_1b550cc8-1be4-5873-a033-c807b7edb865.html
Discrimination Cases
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Resources
www.DrugAwarenessAndPrevention.org
“Services” Tab
“Workplace”Sue Rusche and Kevin Sabet, PhD
QUESTIONS? COMMENTS?
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Contact Information
Derek Siegle
Phone: (216) 739-2445
984 Keynote Circle
Cleveland, OH 44131
Email:
derek.siegle@ohiohidta.org
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
Contact Information
Nancy Pommerening
Phone: 216-409-5001
20800 Center Ridge Rd. -
316A
Rocky River, Ohio 44116
Email:
NEP@DrugAwarenessAndPr
evention.org
Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015
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