Nancy PommereningDerek Siegle Drug Awareness & PreventionOhio HIDTA Director Marijuana and the Drug-Free Workplace Greater Cleveland Safety Council April

Nancy Pommerening Derek SiegleDrug Awareness & Prevention Ohio HIDTA Director

Marijuana and the Drug-Free WorkplaceGreater Cleveland Safety Council

April 16, 2015

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=marijuana.com&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=i91ny-odHpMZmM&tbnid=4XLB6SxWUwBezM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.herbalmission.org/marijuana.php&ei=ef9eUb-gGIHO0wHRmoD4BA&bvm=bv.44770516,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNFzZYsNxtzBdg_Nfef86_InpCE8og&ust=1365266673499033



Drug Awareness & Prevention, Ohio HIDTA 2015

Marijuana Questions

How does marijuana impact

the workplace?Our communities?

Our families?

IS there objective,

scientific evidencethat marijuana

causes health &/or impairmentproblems?


POP Pot QUIZ!



POP QUIZ!

1. Marijuana doesn’t hurt anyone. • True• False

What would most people

say?


POP QUIZ!

1. Marijuana doesn’t hurt anyone. • True• False


“Marijuana doesn’t hurt anyone.” What people really mean is

• No one dies– From overdose?

• TRUE!– Overdose or poisoning is not how most people die from drug use Risk comes from:

• Safety• Health• Addiction


BASAL GANGLIAInvolved in motor control & planning, + start/stop of actions

HYPOTHALAMUS Controls appetite, hormones, sexual behavior

AMYGDALAResponsible for anxiety, emotion & fear

BRAIN STEM & SPINAL CORDImportant in the vomiting reflex, & sensation of pain

VENTRAL STRATUMInvolved in the prediction & feeling of reward

NEOCORTEXResponsible for higher cognitive functions & the integration of sensory memory

HIPPOCAMPUSImportant for memory & learning facts, sequences, places

CEREBELUMCenter for motor control & coordination

When marijuana is smoked, its active ingredient, THC, travels throughout the body, including the brain, to produce its many effects. THC attaches to sites called cannabinoid receptors on the nerve cells in the brain, affecting the way those cells work. Cannabinoid receptors are abundant in parts of the brain that regulate movement, coordination, learning and memory, higher cognitive functions such as judgment, and pleasure.

Maruijuana’s Effects on the Brain

© Alice Y Chen 2004 Adapted from Scientific American

Marijuana Effects

Negative Consequences for User: 1. Short attention span2. Loss of short-term memory3. Loss of cognitive function4. Slower reaction time (up to 60%)5. Uncoordinated6. Higher rate of accidents



Impact on Youth:Schooling & Employment

Many studies consistently show:

Changes in the brain Learning Problems Memory loss IQ loss (~ 8 pts) Less life satisfaction Poor grades Lower adult incomes

National Institute on Drug Abuse image

Healthy

User, Age 18 Brain 4 x wk, 3 yrs

College-Age Adults (Ages 18 to 25)


Colorado ranked 2nd in U.S. for current marijuana use among college-age adults (53.62% higher than the national average.)

United States Colorado0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

18.91%

29.05%

Marijuana Use 2013


Impact on Adults:Employment & Productivity

Majority of positive drug tests are for marijuanaMiss work > 10 x

On-the-job incidents > 3.6 x Workers’ compensation claim > 5 x

American Council for Drug Education in New York


POP QUIZ!

2. Marijuana is not addictive.• True• False


say?


POP QUIZ!

2. Marijuana is not addictive.• True

• False


Marijuana’s Health EffectsMost people who use marijuana once

will stop, and not become addicted.

For people who keep smoking marijuana, the health harms are underappreciated and costly.

Addiction Rates:1 in 6 kids

1 out of 11 users(Similar to alcohol)

Wagner, F.A. & Anthony, J.C. From first drug use to drug dependence; developmental periods of risk for dependence upon cannabis,

cocaine, and alcohol. Neuropsychopharmacology 26, 479-488 (2002).

Not Just Smoking…


Marijuana Wax

Highest potency of marijuana on the market

Quicker high Created by using butane

to extract "hash oil" or "butane hash oil (BHO)

Marijuana put in long tube and then heated with butane



• Wax is to marijuana as freebasing is to cocaine

• Vapors fill room and ignite with a spark

• Risk of burns and homes blowing up

• Hash oil explosions in Colorado:

0 in 2012, 32 in 2014

Wax Creation Issues


Dabbing and Vaping

Who Becomes Addicted?



Treatment Admissions

#1: Marijuana 58.9%

National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2012

#2 Opiates

#3 Cocaine


POP QUIZ!

3. The potency of today’s marijuana is:A. About the same as in the 1970s.B. A little stronger than in the the 1970s.C. About 6x stronger than in the 1970s.D. At least 100x stronger than in the 1970s.


say?


POP QUIZ!

3. The potency of today’s marijuana is:A. About the same as in the 1970s.B. A little stronger than in the 1970s.C. About 6x stronger than in the 1970s.D. At least 100x stronger than in the 1970s.

Average THC and CBD Levels in the US: 1960 - 2011

1960

1965

1970

1974

1975

1978

1980

1983

1984

1985

1986

1992

1993

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

THC

0.2 0.24

0.39

0.47

1 1 1.5 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.1 3.1 4 4.54

5.16

4.96

4.67

5.4 6.18

7.26

7.18

8.33

8.09

9.08

10.27

10.25

9.91

10.96

11.42

CBD

NaN

NaN

NaN

NaN

NaN

NaN

NaN

NaN

0.28

0.31

0.38

0.36

0.33

0.31

0.42

0.4 0.41

0.43

0.45

0.47

0.42

0.46

0.46

0.46

0.53

0.48

0.41

NaN

NaN

NaN

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

MA

RIJ

UA

NA

PO

TEN

CY

NON-Psychoactive Ingredient

CBD

Psychoactive Ingredient

THC




POP QUIZ!

4. It is safe to drive after using marijuana.• True• False


say?


POP QUIZ!

4. It is safe to drive after using marijuana.• True•False


Marijuana & Driving

Impairments linger:

Roadside sobriety test

1.5 hours after smoking: 94% failed 2.5 hours after smoking: 60% failed


Typical High = Impairment at .08 BAC

Over 300 studies show .08 BAC can causeDivided attentionSteering problemsReaction Time Slowed

Drivers between .05 - .08 BAC 7 – 21x more likely to be killed in crash



POP QUIZ!

5. Levels of impairment can be easily tested in marijuana users.• True• False What would

most people say?


POP QUIZ!

5. Levels of impairment can be easily tested in marijuana users.• True• False


Marijuana Impairment

Even though effects of Marijuana Impairment occur

immediately and linger:How do Law Officers judge

impairment?How would employers do this?


POP QUIZ!

6. Marijuana is safe to use as medicine.

• True• False


say?


POP QUIZ!

6. Marijuana is safe to use as medicine.

• True• False


No one chews willow bark for aspirin...

Smoking opium is not used for pain relief...

Eating rosy periwinkle is not used for battling leukemia...


“Medicine” is not up for vote

Marijuana should be subject to the same research, consideration & study

as any other potential medicine.

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=BJYpYbD1ZfH58M&tbnid=84KvSENYnyiBuM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.diabetesmine.com/2013/07/fda-to-stiffen-regulations-on-lancet-needles.html&ei=zURLUuz4GsjQyAHSyYEw&bvm=bv.53371865,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNF0-7PCa4F9v3GpqPsb0ZU6xoSyeQ&ust=1380750868654505


Cannabis-Based Medicines NOT focused on

raw/crude marijuana, but in the individual components

Sativex is in the process of being studied

Marinol is already approved

Bayer Health. Fact Sheet – Sativex. April 13, 2005.http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/prodpharma/notices-avis/conditions/sativex_fs_fd_091289-eng.php


Marijuana Status (Medicinal)- 23 States and DC

1. California – 1996

2. Alaska – 1998

3. Oregon – 1998

4. Washington – 1998

5. Maine – 1999

6. Colorado – 2000

7. Hawaii - 2000

8. Nevada – 2000

9. Montana – 2004

10. Vermont – 2004

11. Rhode Island – 2006

12. New Mexico - 2007

13. Michigan – 2008

14. Arizona – 2010

15. DC – 2010

16. New Jersey – 2010

17. Delaware – 2011

18. Connecticut – 2012

19. Massachusetts - 2012

20. Illinois – 2013

21. New Hampshire – 2013

22. Maryland – 2014

23. Minnesota – 2014

24. New York - 2014


Medical Marijuana States

Medical Use States: Abuse/dependence rates ~ 2x higher

Legal

Medical

Decriminalized

Medical & decriminalizedFully Ilegal


Cleveland Plain Dealer April 7, 2105


POP QUIZ!

7. If we legalize and tax marijuana, governments will gain much needed dollars.

• True• False What would

most people say?


POP QUIZ!

7. If we legalize and tax marijuana, governments will gain much needed dollars.

• True• False


2.7 million Arrests for alcohol-related crimes in

2008

847,000Marijuana-related

arrests in 2008

(Does NOT include violence; Includes violations of liquor laws and DUIs)

“If Only We Treated It Like Alcohol…”

Federal Bureau of Investigation (2008) UniformCrime Reports, Washington,DC. http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm


New York Times April 9, 2015

Projected:$118 MillionActual:$69 MillionBudget Addition:¼ of 1%


Alcohol & TobaccoMoney Makers or Dollar Drainers?

Alcohol Costs

T obacco Costs

$14 billion

Costs

Revenues

$25 billion

$200billion

$185billion

Revenues

State estimates found at http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/31/weekinreview/31saul.html?em; Federal estimates found at https://www.policyarchive.org/bitstream/handle/10207/3314/RS20343_20020110.pdf; Also see http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/research/factsheets/pdf/0072.pdf; Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids, see “Smoking-caused costs,” on p.2.


POP QUIZ!

8. Legalizing marijuana will eliminate the black market and drug cartels.

• True• False What would

most people say?


POP QUIZ!

8. Legalizing marijuana will eliminate the black market and drug cartels.

• True•False


The Black Market & Drug Cartels

• Marijuana only 15% - 20% of cartel revenue

• Most legalization schemes include high taxes – Black market will undercut

price to keep market share• Legalization likely will

increase demand


Colorado support is NOT universalCity Responses to A-64

As of Nov. 5, 2014

Re: Recreational marijuana businesses:

179 cities prohibited

40 cities have moratorium

6 cities prohibited new businesses but allowed medical to migrate to recreational

41 cities have allowed (15 %)


Colorado Perspective

Medical Marijuana

Starbucks

Recreational Marijuana

McDonalds

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

497

405

369

227

Number of Stores/Centers


POP QUIZ!

9. What percent of state prisoners are being held for marijuana possession only?

A. 0.7 % B. 5.2 %C. 10.8 %D. 17.1 %


say?


POP QUIZ!

9. What percent of state prisoners are being held for marijuana possession only?

A. 0.7 % B. 5.2 %C. 10.8 %D. 17.1 %


Num

ber o

f Sen

tenc

ed P

rison

ers

38,900148,600

224,900 263,800 251,400

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prisoners in 2009 (December 2010); Prisoners in 1996 (June 1997).

6/2011

All Offenses

Drug Offenses

Sentenced in State PrisonsAll Offenses vs Drug Offenses 1985 - 2009


Drug Possession Offenders in State Prisons


POP QUIZ!

10. Ohioans will legalize medical and/or recreational marijuana:

• True• False


say?


POP QUIZ!

10. Ohioans may or may not legalize medical and/or recreational marijuana.

• True• False


Ohio - Marijuana News

2015-2016

FOUR INITIATIVES

Ohio Rights Group

Responsible Ohio

Responsible Ohioans

Ohioans to End Prohibition


Responsible Ohio Constitutional Amendment 2015

• Group of investors (10 names released)• 10 Grow Sites• 5 Testing Facilities• 21 or older – Personal use• Medical – any age, with parental consent• Home grows – 4 plants plus 8 ounces• 5% tax (plus 15% for grower and 15% for distributor)• $554 million in tax revenue by 2020. • 2020 Projection: Sales 250 tons of pot per year


Responsible Ohio Constitutional Amendment 2015

Concerns• Marijuana monopoly• Children would be allowed access w/parental consent• “Medical” marijuana individuals can share pot• Home-grown pot can be shared• Program for low-income individuals to get low-cost pot• 1140 stores allowed (Only 203 Starbucks in Ohio!)• WHERE can “medical” marijuana folks use?


Plain Dealer @ Cleveland.com


Ohio InitiativesConstitutional Amendment

SponsorMedical Recreational Notes Status

Responsible Ohio

Yes Yes

10 wealthy investors10 grow sites4 home-grown plants + 8 oz. for Ohioans 21 or over, could share

Goal 2015 BallotLanguage approved by AGMust have VERIFIED signatures by July to be on ballot.

Responsible Ohioans for Cannabis

Yes

Expunge marijuana offenses, release prisoners w/ marijuana offenses

Step 1: Begun collecting 1,000 signatures for AG approval

Ohio Rights Group

Yes

For over 20 ailmentsChildren w/parent consentSelf-diagnosedtherapeutic use

Goal 2015 BallotStep 2: Claim to have 150,000 signatures, since 2013

Ohioans to End Prohibition

YesOver age 21 to sell or grow

Step 1: Begun collecting 1,000 signatures for AG approval


Legalization = Commercialization

With legalization comes market for stronger, more intense high

Very little research done on higher potency weed

Little to no regulation on high-concentrate pot products


Marijuana based products such as foods, oils, ointments, aerosols, may be legally sold as “medicine”

“Infused” products


POP QUIZ!

11. One ounce of marijuana yields:A. Approximately 3 cigarette sized joints.B. Approximately 8 cigarette sized joints.C. Approximately 15 cigarette sized joints.D. Approximately 84 cigarette sized joints.


say?


POP QUIZ!

11. One ounce of marijuana yields:A. Approximately 3 cigarette sized joints.B. Approximately 8 cigarette sized joints.C. Approximately 15 cigarette sized joints.

D. Approximately 84 cigarette sized joints.


4 Plants? So what?

• NORML estimates 1 plant ~ 8 oz. of marijuana• 1 lb. = 16 oz. • 4 plants = 32 oz. • 2,688 cigarette-sized joints• 1 joint at minimum = 4 hours of intoxication• 4 plants = 448 days of continual highs

DEA photo


Business Impact?


Employer Concerns

Liability for injuries or damages caused by impaired employees Compliance with state and federal workplace policies OSHA, DOT, “safety sensitive” positions Worker’s Compensation Claims Drug-Free Workplace Hiring, disciplining and firing employees Guidelines for accommodations and leave requests

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=ygPhXt-d0a8kbM&tbnid=-d_ZZEsWpoDMLM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://drugfreeemployee.wordpress.com/tag/statistics-on-drugs-in-workplace/&ei=oX1TUqNPytzgA4zHgcgB&psig=AFQjCNHRoqBPSP81G8dJkjcNRRbaMzaTNg&ust=1381289701427894


Positive results increased by 6.2% since 2012Double digit increases in Colorado and Washington

% Positive


Where would marijuana use be legal?In public? Prisons? Daycares?

Hospitals? Homes with children present?


Lessons from Colorado


Compassionate care orincreased access to marijuana?

>80%• Most card holders

in CA & CO are white men between the ages of 17 and 35

• No history of chronic illness

• History of Alcohol and Drug Use


Drug-Free Workplace Written Policy

In states where marijuana is legal, many companies continue to enforce “Zero Tolerance” policies.

Some, like an international one we have worked with, allows medical marijuana, but employees are not allowed to be underthe influence at work

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=g9L0_eDyGxONzM&tbnid=f7MtdXq88_DaiM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://law.fiu.edu/dc-alumni-chapter-hosts-noshing-with-notables-immigration-reform/&ei=fRgKU-ykGcfD2AWJ44CwAg&bvm=bv.61725948,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNFejFbHKLth1w7pC8S3_3kjdF4Kpg&ust=1393256867360494


News Report

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CS0Ug3wajLQ



What have the Courts said?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjdX078djj4“Legal experts seem to agree that medical marijuana statutes only protect patients from criminal sanctions, and do not create a civil protection.”Beth Milito, Sr. Counsel NFIB


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjdX078djj4


Michigan – Joseph Casias sued his employerCase dismissed by Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals

Maine – Brittany Thomas sues AdeccoACLU is taking this case up

Colorado – Brandon Coats sued Dish NetworkCourt ruled wasn't illegal firing because marijuana is an illegal drug federally

WSJ article "Medical Marijuana Poses Litigation Risk to Employers." (8-15-13) – Cost employers between $69,000 and $107,000 in costs, not including any award.

New Mexico – Employer must pay for pot? http://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/insurer-business-must-cover-medical-pot-for-injured-worker/article_1b550cc8-1be4-5873-a033-c807b7edb865.html

Discrimination Cases

http://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/insurer-business-must-cover-medical-pot-for-injured-worker/article_1b550cc8-1be4-5873-a033-c807b7edb865.html

http://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/insurer-business-must-cover-medical-pot-for-injured-worker/article_1b550cc8-1be4-5873-a033-c807b7edb865.html


Resources

www.DrugAwarenessAndPrevention.org

“Services” Tab

“Workplace”Sue Rusche and Kevin Sabet, PhD

http://www.drugawarenessandprevention.org/

http://www.drugawarenessandprevention.org/

QUESTIONS? COMMENTS?



Contact Information

Derek Siegle

Phone: (216) 739-2445

984 Keynote Circle

Cleveland, OH 44131

Email:

[email protected]


Contact Information

Nancy Pommerening

Phone: 216-409-5001

20800 Center Ridge Rd. -

316A

Rocky River, Ohio 44116

Email:

NEP@DrugAwarenessAndPr

evention.org


Documents

Nancy PommereningDerek Siegle Drug Awareness & PreventionOhio HIDTA Director Marijuana and the Drug-Free Workplace Greater Cleveland Safety Council April