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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(7th Ed)
READChapter 4 Human
Development
Psychology: Movie Review
extra credit 50 First DatesThe Fisher KingAs Good As It GetsWhat about Bob?The Breakfast ClubBenny and JoonWhat’s Eating Gilbert GrapeDead Poet’s SocietyPsychoFerris Beuller’s Day Off
3 pages
typed
double-spaced
Human Development
Human Development Developmental Psychology
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout the life span
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Life is sexually transmitted
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
40 days 45 days 2 months 4 months
sex organs develop in the second month
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Zygote the fertilized egg enters a 2 week period of rapid cell
division develops into an embryo
Embryo the developing human organism from 2
weeks through 2nd month Fetus
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
Human Development
•Prenatal Development •Conception to birth
• Infancy•0-2 years
•Childhood•2-12 years
•Adolescence •12-18 years
•Adulthood •18 years to death
What is development?
Physical development Weight Height Refinement of motor skills Physiological changes such as puberty
and aging
Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development
Babies only 3 months old can learn that kicking moves a mobile--and can retain that learning for a month (Rovee-Collier, 1989, 1997).
What is development?
Cognitive development thinking memory Acquisition of language and language
skills problem-solving
What is development?
Personality & social development personality social functioning emotions
Human Development: Methods of study
Longitudinal Method observes the same group of people
repeatedly over time may last for years, decades, or over
an entire lifetime of a group of study participants
researchers conduct longitudinal studies to examine how personality and behavior change over time
Human Development: Methods of study
Cross-sectional Method because of the limitations of
longitudinal studies, a study in which different people of different ages are compared with one another
researchers compare groups of people who are similar in background but different in age
Child development: “A little history”
Middle-ages in Christian Europe infants were considered mini-adults development was only a matter of
physical growth
Child development: “A little history”
Jean-Jacques Rousseau children are innately good naturally endowed with a “blue-print” for
development infants were considered mini-adults
Child development: “A little history”
John Locke Nurture, or environment, was stressed as
important for development “Tabula Rasa”- children are born as a
“blank slate” and that environmental experiences would determine their course of development
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Rooting Reflex tendency to open mouth, and search for nipple
when touched on the cheek
Sucking Reflex the rhythmic sucking action that occurs when
an object is placed in the baby’s mouth
Palmar grasp Reflex the curling of the fingers around an object that
touches the palm of the baby’s hand
Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development
Maturation biological growth
processes that enable orderly changes in behavior
relatively uninfluenced by experience At birth 3 months 15 months
Cortical Neurons
Visual Cliff apparatus: Depth Perception
Visual Cliff
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Preferences human voices and
faces facelike images-->
smell and sound of mother
preferred
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Teratogens agents, such as chemicals and viruses,
that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) physical and cognitive abnormalities in
children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking
symptoms include misproportioned head
Infancy and Childhood: Piaget’s Cognitive Development
Schemaa concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
Assimilation interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas
Infancy and Childhood: Piaget’s Cognitive Development
Accommodationadapting one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
CognitionAll the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Infancy and Childhood: Piaget’s Cognitive Development
Object Permanence the awareness that things continue to
exist even when not perceived
Infancy and Childhood: Piaget’s Cognitive Development
Conservation the principle that properties such as
mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
Infancy and Childhood: Piaget’s Cognitive Development
Egocentrism the inability of the preoperational child to take
another’s point of view
Theory of Mind people’s ideas about their own and others’
mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict
Autism a disorder that appears in childhood Marked by deficient communication, social
interaction and understanding of others’ states of mind
Typical Age Range
Description of Stage
Developmental Phenomena
Birth to nearly 2 years SensorimotorExperiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing)
•Object permanence•Stranger anxiety
About 2 to 6 years
About 7 to 11 years
About 12 through adulthood
PreoperationalRepresenting things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning
•Pretend play•Egocentrism•Language development
Concrete operationalThinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations
•Conservation •Mathematical transformations
Formal operationalAbstract reasoning
•Abstract logic•Potential for moral reasoning
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Social Development
Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
Giraffe stages of Death & Dying video
Elizabeth Kubler-Ross: Stages of Dying
Social Development
Elizabeth Kubler-Ross: Stages of Dying
Terminally ill and bereaved people do not go through predictable stages. Given similar circumstances, some people grieve for a long time while others grieve more briefly.
Social Development
Critical Period an optimal period shortly after birth
when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
Imprinting the process by which certain
animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
Social Development
Harlow’s Surrogate Mother Experiments Monkeys preferred
contact with the comfortable cloth mother, even while feeding from the nourishing wire mother
Social Development
Monkeys raised by artificial mothers were terror-stricken when placed in strange situations without their surrogate mothers.
Social Development
Attachment an emotional tie with another person shown in young children by their seeking
closeness to the caregiver and displaying distress on separation
Social Development
Stranger Anxiety fear of strangers that infants commonly
display beginning by about 8 months of age
Social Development
Secure type- 70% Insecure-avoidant type- 20 % Insecure-resistant type- 10 %
Disorganized (disoriented) attachment
Psychologist Mary Ainsworth, Ph.D.
The Strange Situation
Effects of attachment
Secure attachment predicts social competence children identified as securely attached
between the ages of 12 and 18 months were more outgoing, more confident, and more persistent in solving challenging tasks when restudied as 2 and 3 year olds
Effects of attachment
Deprivation of attachment is linked to negative outcomes Babies who grow up in institutions without a
caregiver’s regular stimulation and attention do not form normal attachments and often appear withdrawn and frightened
physical and emotional abuse often disrupts attachment as well
While most abused children do not grow up to be violent criminals or abusive parents, most abusive parents were battered or emotionally abused as children
Effects of attachment
A responsive environment helps most infants recover from attachment disruption children who have been neglected but who
are later adopted between 6 to 16 months of age at first have trouble sleeping, eating, and relating to their new parents
However, by age 10, this same group of adopted children showed virtually no negative effects from the earlier neglect
Effects of attachment
The evidence is consistent and clear about the effects of attachment: children who have a warm relationship with familiar,
responsive caregivers reap the benefits of secure attachment
Most often, attachment is a direct result of the parenting children receive
Social Development: Child-Rearing Practices
Authoritarian These parents are not very loving and
warm parents impose rules and expect
obedience Discipline is strict and often physical Communication is high from parent to
child but low from child to parent Maturity expectations are high “Don’t interrupt.” “Why? Because I said
so.”
Social Development: Child-Rearing Practices
Permissive These parents are loving and warm, but
they rarely discipline their children submit to children’s desires, make few
demands, use little punishment Communication is low from parent to
child, but high from child to parent Expectations of maturity are low
Social Development: Child-Rearing Practices
Authoritative these parents are loving and warm Discipline is moderate both demanding and responsive Lots of talking & negotiating These parents exert control by setting rules and
enforcing them, but explain reasons behind the rules
Communication is high from parent to child and from child to parent
Maturity expectations are moderate
Social Development: Child-Rearing Practices
Does one form of parenting have a clear advantage over the other two? Authoritative parents (the third style) often
produce children high in: Self-esteem Self-reliance Social competence
Authoritative parents produce children that are more successful, happy, and generous with others
Authoritative parents produce children feel a sense of control over their lives making them more motivated and self-confident
Human Development
Freuddeveloped the first comprehensive theory on personality development
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Unconscious according to Freud, a reservoir of
mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories
contemporary viewpoint- information processing of which we are unaware
Chapter 15 (p.596-599) Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Stage Focus
Oral Pleasure centers on the mouth--(0-18 months) sucking, biting, chewing
Anal Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder (18-36 months) elimination; coping with demands for
control
Phallic Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with (3-6 years) incestuous sexual feelings
Latency Dormant sexual feelings(6 to puberty)
Genital Maturation of sexual interests(puberty on)
Chapter 15 (p.596-599) Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Freud’s Psychosexual Stagesthe childhood stages of development during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
Personality Structure
Id (follows the pleasure principle) contains a reservoir of unconscious
psychic energy strives to satisfy basic sexual and
aggressive drives operates on the pleasure principle,
demanding immediate gratification
Personality Structure
Ego (follows the reality principle) the largely conscious, “executive”
part of personality mediates among the demands of
the id, superego, and reality operates on the reality principle,
satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
Personality Structure
Superego ( our internal moral guardian; our conscience) the part of personality that
presents internalized ideals provides standards for judgement
(the conscience) and for future aspirations
Human Development
Oedipus Complex a boy’s sexual desires toward his
mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Electra Complexa girl’s sexual desires toward her father and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival mother
Human Development
Identification the process by which children
incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos
Fixation a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking
energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved
anal-compulsive (a.k.a.- anal-retentive) a child who had difficulty with toilet-
training can become overly concerned with neatness, rules, and control
Free Response Essay: Human Development
Paragraph 1- What is a stage theory? (p. 74-75)
What is a stage theory?
Stage theories emphasize the idea that human development occurs in a series of very specific phases, periods, or points in the growth process of a child.
According to stage theorists, children are developing cognitively, sexually, emotionally, and morally as they pass through the stages of childhood into adolescence and later into adulthood.
Free Response Essay: Human Development
Paragraph 2- Explain the main focus of Piaget’s stage theory (p. 63-68)
Paragraph 3- What would Piaget identify as a major issue or concern for a seven-year-old child?
Free Response Essay: Human Development
Paragraph 4- Explain the main focus of Freud’s stage theory (p. 480-486)
Paragraph 5- What would Freud identify as a major issue or concern for a seven-year-old child?
Free Response Essay: Human Development
Paragraph 6- Explain the main focus of Erikson’s stage theory (p. 88-93)
Paragraph 7- What would Erikson identify as a major issue or concern for a seven-year-old child?
Free Response Essay: Human Development
Paragraph 8- Explain the main focus of Kohlberg’s stage theory (p. 85-88)
Paragraph 9- What would Kohlberg identify as a major issue or concern for a seven-year-old child?
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