Mutations

Gene mutation is the change in the order of the A,G,C,T bases in a gene

These altered genes can have a positive, negative or no effect on the organism

Frameshift mutation-The addition or deletion of a single nucleotide

Point mutation-The substitution of a single nucleotide

Transposon-Jumping genes

Chromosomal Abnormality (not a gene mutation)-insertion, deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation

Deletion- One base is missingThe Gene should be ACTGCGTBut instead is ACGCGT

Addition- One extra base is addedThe Gene should be ACTGCGTBut instead is ACTGTCGT

Nonsense- One base change results in a stop codon being created. Created truncated polypeptide

Ex) UGA, UAA, UAG

Muscular dystrophy…dystrophin protein not produced

Cystic fibrosis regulatory gene

Missense- Base substituted changes one amino in the polypeptide. Different protein is created. Function of protein is changed

For example, sickle-cell disease is caused by a single point in the beta-hemoglobin gene that converts a GAG codon into GUG, which encodes the amino acid valine rather than glutamic acid.

Neutral- Base substituted changes the amino acid. Different protein is created. Function of protein is not changed

Silent- Base substituted but the amino acid does not change.

Ie) the new codon codes for the same amino acid

Protein will be the same.

There are 64 codon variations and only 20 AA

Ex) UUU and UUC both code for Phenylalanine

Barbara McClintock was awarded the Nobel Prize for discovering genes can move and turned on/off

Insertion, deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation

This is the usual appearance of the pepper moth. It blends right in with its surroundings to avoid being eaten.

However, factories in an area polluted and the trees became a blackish color

As a result of a mutation, a black version of the pepper moth is now better suited

The mutation of a gene has a positive impact on the organism

Ex) Mutated gene that creates a protein that prevents HIV from infecting the organism

Small changes in certain genes have harmful affects on the organism

Ex) Sickle cell anemia

The mutation has no impact on the organism Ex) Spirit Bear

Substances or factors that cause mutation in DNA

Ex) UV Light, x-rays, pollutants and other harmful chemicals

Gene Therapy- replace a mutated gene with a healthy copyComplicated and highly experimental

Spider-tailed Viper- Iran

Squid Camo...4:24

Mimic Octopus

Lyre Bird